Museum of Fine Art Kunsthistorisches Museum Essay Example For Students

Exhibition hall of Fine Art: Kunsthistorisches Museum Essay The Museum of Fine Arts building is situated at Wiener Reintegrates, at the contrary side of the Undernourishment Museum. The inside of the Constructionists Museum, marked by Karl non Hastener, is terrific, with enormous marble sections, momentous flights of stairs and sculptures. The gigantic assortment of the gallery was amassed by the Hapsburg rulers, and consequently is an impression of their own preferences. The Gemlike, the assortment of artworks, is one of the biggest on the planet and ranges a time from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century. Particularly very much spoke to are Flemish craftsmen. Dutch, Italian (for the most part Venetian) and Spanish specialists are likewise all around spoke to. The historical center additionally has a phenomenal assortment Of German canvases from craftsmen, for example, Albrecht Udder and Hans Holing the Younger. Theres something other than artistic creations in the Constructionists Museum however. On the ground floor are Roman and Greek relics; here youll locate an enormous number of sculptures and busts from Roman heads just as Greek jars and sculptures. One of the historical centers most significant items, the Ceiling Salt Cellar form by Benevolent Ceiling, was taken on May 11, 2003 and recuperated on January 21, 2006, in a crate covered in a woodland close to the town of Sweetly, Austria, It had been the greatest workmanship robbery in Austrian history One tooth best occasions to visit the Constructionists Museum is Thursday, when you can appreciate a lavish gourmet supper (?39) in the dome rotunda.. This historical center is the gallery for you in the event that you like to appreciate various kinds of workmanship over various zones of time, I love Egyptian craftsmanship and this historical center does an intensive and wonderful display on Egyptian bits of workmanship. In the event that you don't communicate in German I can't suggest the audiogram enough at G every me and my accomplice shared winding up getting significantly progressively out of the displays as the entirety of the little signs with data are in German. The audiogram Vass simple to utilize, distinct and fascinating.

Impact of Lipitor Patent Expiry on Pfizer. Essay Example

Effect of Lipitor Patent Expiry on Pfizer. Exposition Example Effect of Lipitor Patent Expiry on Pfizer. Paper Effect of Lipitor Patent Expiry on Pfizer. Paper Effect OF LIPITOR PATENT EXPIRY ON PFIZER. TABLE OF CONTENTSPAGE NO Executive Summary3 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Introduction4 1. 2 What is Lipitor5 1. 3Expiry of Lipitor patent5-6 CHAPTER 2: CHALLENGERS 2. 1 Challengers6 2. 2 Pfizer’s strategies7 CHAPTER 3:FINANCIAL IMPACT ON PFIZER AS LIPITOR GOES GENERIC 8-9 Recommendations10 Conclusion11 Executive rundown: This report is about the effect of patent end of Lipitor on Pfizer pharmaceutical organization. Lipitor has been in the market since 1997 and is the mother all things considered. wsj_live, 2011) As of November 30th 2011 Pfizer lost the patent of Lipitor opening way to nonexclusive contenders for America’s most mainstream drug and now all conventional creating organizations will be capable get hold of the patent and produce their own stock legitimately. Pfizer was the first to win 11$ billion of every a year selling Lipitor and 130 $ billion over the patent’s life Lipitor is liable for the one 6th deals o f Pfizer. Because of the patent lapse of the medication Lipitor now other conventional creating organizations will have the option to deliver the medication and sell it at much lower rate than Lipitor which is a marked medication. Lipitor is a blockbuster medication of Pfizer which is answerable for making a tremendous benefit and has stayed with the at the no1 position. Up to this point Pfizer was the sole maker and delighted in the imposing business model of the medication. As Lipitor goes nonexclusive the paces of the medication are tumbling down hugely in order to keep the present clients of the medication to proceed with it. Pfizer is setting up a battle with all conventional creating organizations and as it is the best showcasing pharmaceutical organization on the planet it is utilizing techniques to keep the deals up and to make the shoppers eep utilizing Lipitor significantly after the lapse. It is uplifting news for the customers yet less for the pharmaceutical business. Lipitor is a blockbuster medicate which going nonexclusive is a serious deal in the realm of pharmaceuticals; it has been answerable for making a 27% of all out deals income for all biopharmaceuticals. Pfizer is the best showcasing ph armaceutical organization on the planet which is the reason it will press out the entirety of the estimation of the brand by utilizing all methodologies which are material for this situation. It has a ton of challengers who have been standing by to get a chance to begin creating the nonexclusive variant of Lipitor like Ranbaxy and Watson pharmaceutical who have the endorsement to deliver the conventional Lipitor for 180 days after the patent expiry. While Pfizer saying thanks to on the way that the value contrast between the marked and conventional won't be much for the initial a half year. (sanburn, 2011) Pfizer is seeking after all the present clients of Lipitor to stay faithful to the brand and simultaneously is arranging and made arrangements with venders to have them sell Lipitor in the market at the conventional costs. wsj_live, 2011) The effect on Pfizer monetarily is on the loose in the beginning yet because of its strong budgetary hazard and astounding business chance profile it will have the option to withstand the misfortune in the coming time. The financial specialists are cautioned at expecting lower numbers and with plans to settle them in a brief timeframe. It is a mind boggling circumstance yet because of Pfizer’s inventive procedure to manage the circumstance it will assist with bringing the numbers up. With the patent expiry of Lipitor it is trying to give the financial specialists the numbers Pfizer has hit previously however it’s certainly feasible. philippidis, 2011) INTRODUCTION: PFIZER is the world’s biggest pharmaceutical organization. It was made in the year 1849 by Charles Pfizer and organization, a synthetic business; in the course of the only remaining century it has related itself with creating patterns to turn into an examination based pharmaceutical organization. The penicillin utilized during the World War 2 was delivered was Pfizer. The organization is arranged in New York with its examination division in Groton, Connecticut, US. It possesses the best cholesterol bringing down medication Lipitor and has other 14 blockbuster drugs. In the principal year it produced incomes of 67. 8$ billion and net gain of 8. 26$ billion. (philippidis, 2011)Pfizer is the biggest player in the pharmaceutical market having the best force in showcasing and framing affiliations. It likewise posts the most noteworthy profits in the business. Pfizer faces moves regular to every single pharmaceutical organization, for example, patent lapse and FDA guideline. It is committed to applying science and worldwide assets to advance wellbeing and prosperity at each phase of life. Auxiliary individuals are Agouron pharmaceuticals, G. D Searle organization, Greenstone, Park-Davis, Wyeth, Pharmacia, Upjohn, Warner lambert. (control, 2011) Pfizer‘s president Ian Reid declared that organization would separate significant bits of the organization with the mean to concentrate on pharmaceuticals. Its business is separated into two divisions which are biopharmaceutical with 86% of incomes which comprises of essential consideration, strength care, built up items, developing markets and oncology. The differentiated makes 14% of incomes which comprises of purchaser social insurance, creature wellbeing, sustenance among others. Some significant results of biopharmaceutical (86%of all out income) are; (sanburn, 2011) Lipitor-statin that diminishes LDL levels, top of the line and the most significant for Pfizer as it contributes essentially to the development of the organization. In any case, the patent lapsed opening it to rivalry with the conventional medications. Enbrel-for joint pain, plaque psoriasis ankylosing spondiltis. this with the acquisition of Wyeth was the biggest medication procured with Pfizer. Lyrica-utilized for the treatment of epilepsy9most fruitful pharmaceutical dispatches of Pfizer. Likewise utilized for treating focal nerve agony and uneasiness issue. Prevnar-for intrusive pneumonia. Celebrex-utilized for joint pain joint agony. Viagra-Important medication for Pfizer lost its patent in 2010. It’s utilized for erectile brokenness. Norvasc-most recommended marked medication for bringing down pulse. Pfizer has a huge RD spending burning through 9. 48$ billion out of 2010 for innovative work purposes. LIPITOR (GENERIC NAME IS ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM) Lipitor is the mother all things considered. It is a statin that is utilized to bring down cholesterol levels. Pfizer top of the line sedate and the world’s biggest selling drug. It is sold in 10, 20, 40 or 80mg. Lipitor came in the market in 1997 and gathered in 100$ billion even in a jam-packed market containing numerous other cholesterol bringing down statins a large number of them have just gone nonexclusive. Pfizer’s deals from Lipitor have made 11$billion in a year which is around one-6th of Pfizer’s complete deals. 8. 7 million American’s use Lipitor to bring down their cholesterol levels. Lipitor contributes altogether for the development of Pfizer; it is one of its blockbuster drugs. It has been the most productive physician endorsed medicate in the history with a great many clients. It is a major change for the buyers and for the universe of pharmaceutical organizations. EXPIRY OF LIPITOR’S PATENT: Lipitor has been in the market since 1997 being the main medication accessible in the market for bringing down cholesterol levels however Pfizer lost patent privileges of Lipitor on nov30th 2011 creation pathway for the conventional contenders for America’s most well known prescription. Pfizer made a 11$ billion of every 2010 overall selling Lipitor and a 130$billion over the licenses life. Lipitor is one of the blockbuster medications of Pfizer. After patent expiry of Lipitor other nonexclusive makers will have the option to deliver it and sell it at an a lot less expensive rate causing it to lose it eliteness. The most gainful medication in the history loses its selectiveness in the wake of being in the market for 14 yrs. Pfizer endured a shot of 4% or 1. 5 $billion because of patent termination of Lipitor. (time, 2011) Before patent lapse it cost 5$ a pill for the buyers yet after patent end it has come down to 4$ every month, it is probably going to decrease a lot further in the following coming a half year in which there would be a value war. Individuals will presently have the option to pay Lipitor for 80% off its unique expense. Lipitor worldwide deals were 10$ billion a year ago and they are to go as low as 3. 2$ billion in the year 2012. cnbc news, 2011) Pfizer has just lost selectiveness of Lipitor in Brazil, Mexico, Canada, and Spain a year ago yet is as yet making incomes from the creating nations. Pfizer is compelled to sell their marked medication Lipitor at conventional costs as the patent closures. Presently any pharmaceutical organization can get hold of the patent and produ ction their own stock lawfully. Pfizer appreciated the imposing business model of the medication for every one of these yrs. what's more, was the sole maker of the medication Lipitor until November 2011. Pfizer has had the option to keep up its worldwide no1 positioning for a considerable length of time due to Lipitor deals. THE CHALLENGERS: There are numerous conventional medication making organizations around the globe. Ranbaxy India’s biggest nonexclusive medication creator needed to settle procedures with Pfizer in 2008 who has won the rights to sell the medication solely for the following a half year after the patent lapse. Ranbaxy got the endorsement from the food and medication organization (FDA) to make the conventional form of the medication Lipitor which will be fabricated in New Brunswick at the ohm research facilities and will be imparting its benefit to Teva pharmaceuticals for the initial a half year. Following a half year another approved conventional rendition of Lipitor will be sold by Watson pharmaceuticals that have a select concurrence with Pfizer, as indicated by which Pfizer will make and offer nonexclusive Lipitor to Watson for the following five years. Be that as it may, those generics won’t be fundamentally less expensive than Lipitor if by any means. (narayan, 2011) After the Ranbaxy settlement a few other lawful issues were settled with conventional medication making organizations which were searching in for some activity which included M

Dole, Sanford Ballard

Dole, Sanford Ballard Dole, Sanford Ballard, 1844â€"1926, Hawaiian statesman, b. Honolulu, of American missionary parents. After education in the United States he returned to Hawaii and became prominent in public life. A leader of the revolution that in 1887 secured a more democratic constitution, Dole became justice of the supreme court under the new government. He looked with disfavor upon the revolution of 1893 that overthrew Queen Liliuokalani, but once it was accomplished he was willing to accept the office of president under the provisional government. The application of the revolutionists for annexation to the United States was refused by President Cleveland, who, after sending James H. Blount to investigate, demanded the restoration of the queen. Dole's reply, in which he defended the revolution and denied Cleveland's right to interfere, was one of his ablest papers. A constitutional convention was then held (1894), and the republic of Hawaii was created. Dole was declared the first president. His administration, during which he made efforts to secure annexation, was successful in spite of attempts at a counterrevolution and difficulties with Japan concerning immigration. After the islands were annexed in 1898 during McKinley's administration, Dole headed a commission to Congress to recommend legislation for Hawaii. The report included the draft of a bill which became the Organic Act of 1900. Dole was appointed first governor of the Territory of Hawaii in 1900. He resigned in 1903 to become U.S. district judge for Hawaii. See biography by E. M. Damon (1957). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Living Systems Biologically Depend On The Six Major...

Living systems biologically depend on the six major nutrient elements (C, H, N, O, S, and P) and complementing trace elements that can interchange for one another if they share chemical similarities. But, there are no prior reports of substitutions for the major nutrient elements. Wolfe-Simon et al. presents evidence that As can substitute for P in the biomolecules of bacterium. Although Since As is a chemical analog of P, downstream metabolic processes are usually not compatible with As-incorporating molecules due to differences in the reactivities of As and P compounds. But, Wolfe-Simon et al. hypothesized that AsO43- could substitute for PO43- in an organism with the ability to cope with the instability of AsO43- compounds. Wolfe-Simon et al. experimented with AsO43- combined with no added PO43-, to select for and isolate GFAJ-1 of Mono Lake. Their data (from ICP-MS, synchrotron x-rays, NanoSIMS, etc) showed As-dependent growth by GFAJ-1 that was accompanied by AsO43- uptake and a ssimilation into biomolecules (nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites). By using As as a selective agent and excluding P, it was shown that GFAJ-1 is not an obligate arsenophile and grew much better when provided with P. Also, GFAJ-1 coped with the instability of AsO43- esters due to poly-ÃŽ ²-hydroxybutyrate rich vacuole-like regions and possibly from intracellular regions or mechanisms that exclude water. In response to Wolfe-Simon et al., Reaves et al. cultured the same GFAJ-1 cells andShow MoreRelatedTrophic Categories Etc..2573 Words   |  11 PagesConsumers 3. Detritus feeders and decomposers Producers = organisms that capture energy from the sun or from chemical reactions to convert carbon dioxide to organic matter Organic Matter vs. Inorganic Matter -Matter that makes up the bodies of living things generally characterized by the presence of carbon and hydrogen bonds. Most producers are green plants. 1. Autotroph i. Chemosynthetic bacteria ii. Green plants iii. Algae 2. Heterotroph i. Animals ii. Fungi iii. Protists (some) Read MoreChapters 1-5 Notes Ap Biology3353 Words   |  14 Pagestaken. Reductionism- Reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study. Cells- The lowest level of structure capable of performing all the activities of life, all organisms are composed of cells which are the basic units of structure and function. The cell theory- The ability of cells to divide to form new cells is the basis for all reproduction and for the growth and repair of multicellular organisms, including humans. Two Major Kinds of Cells Eukaryotic cells- MembraneRead MoreThe Marijuana Growers Guide9909 Words   |  40 Pages [8.7] Nutrients and Fertilising [9] Nutrients [9.2] Application: Fertilising [9.3] Nutrient Deficiencies [9.4] Soilless Mixtures [9.5] Diseases and Plant Pests [10] Microbial Diseases [10.2] Nutrient Diseases Read MoreContamination of the Turag River19368 Words   |  78 PagesBangladesh is known as the land of the rivers. Dhaka city, the capital of Bangladesh is surrounded by the rivers-Turag, Buriganga, Dhaleshwari, Balu and Shitalakhya. A number of canals are connected to these rivers, which form a river canal network system. There are both residential and industrial units besides these rivers which are prime source of pollution of these rivers. The untreated waste water discharges by the industries cause serious pollution. Besides, non point sources along with the stretchRead MoreHolistic Approach14986 Words   |  60 Pagesreally heal the conditions and diseases they are treating . Holistic Therapies The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) defines complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products not presently considered to be a part of conventional medicine. According to NCCAM, there does exist traditional scientific evidence as to the effectiveness of CAM therapies, but many questions still loom as to the validityRead MoreSience23554 Words   |  95 Pagestemperature on Earth as certain gases in the atmosphere trap energy. [pic]Image source:  Greenhouse Effect, Wikipedia(Link includes detailed explanation of the above image). Note, image above expresses energy exchanges in watts per square meter (W/m2) Six main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) (which is 20 times as potent a greenhouse gas as carbon dioxide) and nitrous oxide (N2O), plus three fluorinated industrial gases: hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphurRead MoreHemp Cultivation in China42289 Words   |  170 PagesClarke, and is a mixed media resource, including slides and actual examples of hemp products. ---The IHA was also pleased to contribute technical advice to the Colorado Industrial Hemp Act strategists on their efforts for 1996. ---In 1995, we supplied six varieties of seed, in small amounts, to IHA members for pilot research projects in Australia, Finland, and South Africa. We are expanding this archive for the 1996 season and hope to supply research quantities of seed for the majority of commerciallyRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pageslearning foundations. The â€Å"how-tos† of teaching young children include setting up environments, supporting children’s self-initiated play, selecting appropriate materials, and planning and implementing teacher-guided learning activities. Two major considerations underlie the â€Å"how-tos† of teaching. First, teachers can effectively foster early learning by thoughtfully considering the preschool learning foundations as they plan environments and activities. And second, during every step in theRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesRiver, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department

How Eating Disorders Affect Health - 772 Words

Eating Disorders are conditions in which involves irregular eating habits, either insufficient or excessive food, that affects inimical the body’s image and mental health (Wikipedia). It affects men and women of all ages, but it has a greater impact among adolescences and young adults. In the United States, 24 million Americans are battling eating disorders, in which 1 million are males and 23 million are females. An individual who portraits this condition may have an irrational self-image thought that impinged on an individual’s life and affects their health by disrupting body functions and daily activities (National Eating Disorders Association). The most common disorders are Bulimia Nervosa, Anorexia Nervosa, and Binge-Eating Disorder, but some people may be diagnosed with EDNOS, they don’t have all the signs of a Bulimia or Anorexia Disorder (National Eating Disorders Association). These conditions are mainly caused by a coalition of multiple factors such as , biochemical, psychological, cultural and environmental. Biochemical is any deviation of any chemical or substance that affects your appetite, mood, sleep, and stress. Psychological is the most common cause; it deals with low self-esteem, impulsive behavior, perfectionism, and difficulty dealing and expressing emotions. Cultural and environmental are mainly peer pressure and social media (ULifeline). The most common disorders are Bulimia Nervosa, Anorexia Nervosa, and Binge-Eating Disorder,Show MoreRelatedEating Disorder Outline951 Words   |  4 Pagesis eating disorder. Central Idea: informative speech about the three type of eating disorder which are Anorexia Nervosa, Binge Eating Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa. Then my second point will focus on the causes of eating disorder, after that in my last main point I will discuss its effects on our life. I. Introduction A. Tie to audience Food too much of it, we suffer, and too lack of it, we will suffer. Because of it human has lost their sanity and it’s the main cause of most health issuesRead MoreEating Disorders : Eating, Bulimia, And Anorexia1215 Words   |  5 Pagesof eating disorders such as binge-eating, bulimia, and anorexia. All three eating disorders are very similar, but they are also differ with the issue they cause. Eating disorders can be harmful to a persons’ body because when they keep vomiting, it causes certain parts of the body to deteriorate over time. Each disorder has many symptoms, causes, warning signs, and health problems. All disorders differ with the way they affect people and how the person is treated. Binge-eating disorder consistsRead MoreHow Are Eating Disorders Affecting Our Health?907 Words   |  4 PagesHow are eating disorders affecting our health? An eating disorder is an illness that causes serious disturbances to your everyday diet, such as eating extremely small amounts of food or severely overeating (NIMH, Eating Disorders). Eating disorders start when the mind conjures up a nonrealistic conception of their own body. Disorders can be acquired through numerous ways such as; genetics, neurological transmitters in the brain, personality, social and environmental factors, stress, and most commonlyRead MoreEating Disorders And Its Effects On The World1531 Words   |  7 PagesEating disorders By: Carli Brown Advance Placement Psychology Mr. Cuetara 6-4-15 Abstract: Eating disorders are very common throughout the world and millions suffer in the United States, especially in females. Scientists are continuing to study various eating disorders and trying to find the right treatments. Different places all over the country are working hard to study causes and effects of eating disorders using highly advanced technologies. Studying the brain can give usRead MoreThe Dangerous Effects of Eating Disorders1100 Words   |  5 PagesThe Dangerous Effects of Eating Disorders You probably hear about eating disorders, and how they can be do dangerous, but what are eating disorders exactly? Eating disorders are a groups of serious conditions in which you are so preoccupied with the food that you eat and how much you weigh, you often focus on little else (http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/eating-disorders/basics/definition/con-20033575 ). There are three main types of eating disorders. Anorexia nervosa is the fear ofRead MoreLong Term Effects of Childhood Separation Anxiety1230 Words   |  5 Pagesbetween childhood separation anxiety disorder and the long-term implications that it may have. To understand the connections I preformed secondary research through â€Å"Academic Search Complete†. I found that childhood separation anxiety disorder is connected with serious mental disorders, such as anorexia, bulimia, social phobias, depression, and behavior disorders. Many studies have shown that childhood separation anxiety disorder is linked to eating disorders and depression. Research shows that cortisolRead MoreEnglish 101 Apa Term Paper (Eating Disorders)1679 Words   |  7 PagesEating Disorders a Global Health Issue Denise Gilbert Southeast Kentucky Community and Technical College Abstract There is a global health crisis affecting many people around the world. Eating Disorders is a mental health condition often misunderstood by people that do not have the condition. It can trigger vomiting, bingeing, depression, and health issues. Eating disorders are illnesses that cause serious disturbances to the everyday diet. They can affect men, women and children of all agesRead MoreThe Influence of the Modeling Industry on Society799 Words   |  3 Pages Everyone is special and unique in their own way. No one can change the way someone looks and acts. So why let the modeling industry change the way someone should look like. People can not let the modeling industry have an affect on them to where they have eating disorders and not feel confident of their own body. More people feel insecure about themselves because society expects them to look like a model. Especially teenagers are targeted in an early age that if the teens are thin and prettyRead MoreEating Disorders And Eating Disorder1573 Words   |  7 Pagesaffliction that affects people called an â€Å"eating disorder.† Why did you choose this topic? I chose this topic because it is a very prevalent issue in our society today, and a close friend of mine is suffering from an eating disorder. What question(s) did you want to answer or what was your hypothesis regarding this topic? As mammals, there is no chance of escaping the need to consume food in everyday life. However, when it comes to food there can be a major concern of eating too much or eating too littleRead MoreEssay Negative Body Image Leads to Eating disorders584 Words   |  3 PagesEating disorders â€Å"Many kids — particularly adolescents — are concerned about how they look and can feel self-conscious about their bodies.† Eating disorders have the power to affect everyday life. Not only in just teens but all ages. They are able to cause extreme weight changes. As well as, it could affect your health for the rest of your life. (Source 1) By having an eating disorder everything becomes based off of that, if it isn’t helped or stopped it could become serious and damage your health

International Hr P Free Essays

string(67) " and fundraising for culturally important issues in the community\." International HR Project: Procter Gamble Co. Rachel Angelina Walker Morrisville State College BSAD 415 International Human Resource Management Dr. Linda F. We will write a custom essay sample on International Hr P or any similar topic only for you Order Now Turner February 10, 2013 Organizational Background PG is a global manufacturer and marketer of branded consumer products. The company markets its products in over 180 countries spanning Americas, Europe, EMEA and Asian region. In the company profile (The Proctor and Gamble Company), PG’s organizational structure is explained as being comprised of global business units, global operations; global business services and corporate functions. The company is organized into two global business units: beauty and grooming, and household care. The main focus of this business unit is new product upgrades, innovations and marketing plans. The company profile (The Proctor and Gamble Company) also states that PG is one of the world’s largest consumer goods companies. â€Å"Its products reach 4. 4 billion people worldwide. P has the strongest portfolio of brands in the industry, with 50 leadership brands that generate 90% of the company’s sales and profits† (p. 123). P has a leading market position and strong brand portfolio which provides them with a competitive advantage. The 2012 company profile (The Proctor and Gamble Company) recorded revenues of $83,680 million, an increase of 3. 2% over 2011. P listed North America as the company’s largest geographic market, this accounts for 39% of their total revenues. â€Å"PG generates revenues through five reportable segments: fabric care and home care (32. 1%* of the total revenues in 2012), beauty (24%), baby care and family care (19. 4%), health care (14. 6%) and grooming (9. %)†(p. 103). The current global operations that comprise PG’s Market Development Organization involve â€Å"go-to-market† plans at the local level with dedicated retail customer, trade channel and country-specific teams. It is organized into five geographic units: North America, Western Europe, Central and Eastern Europe/Middle East/Africa, Latin America and Asia which comprises Japan, Greater China and ASEAN/Australia/India/ Korea. For 2013, the company will be forming a joint venture in the Asian geographic unit. Intricacies of Global Organizations As we prepare to expand our operations to China, we will begin by creating an international design and structure. There will be several stages that our company undergoes in an attempt to break into the Chinese market successfully. First, we plan to engage in portfolio investment in order to purchase stock from the local firms in China. Procter Gamble Co. is a worldwide recognized company established in many markets across the globe. Therefore, although we will be emphasizing the exportation and sales of our products in the Chinese market, this stage will not be a very big operation due to our already existing global familiarity. At this time, our company will take on light training to ensure that our employees have the capabilities to do business across borders. As stated previously, we already operate across several boarders so the training will just ensure some skill sharpening among existing employees who will be affected by our expansion to China. The second stage in creating our international structure will be sales. In this stage we will be focusing on hiring managers, or training existing managers, who will specialize in purchasing and sales in China. The next stage deals with our method of entering the Chinese market, we have chosen to gradually expand into China by beginning with licensing. By doing this we have located firms that already exist in China that are capable and experienced with manufacturing our products. By licensing, we are able to cut costs and be more integral in the local community allowing for a more seamless expansion into Chinese market. The only person that will be involved in these operations from Procter Gamble Co. will be the Sales Negotiator that we have hired and trained. Technology will be an important tool in the vital relationship between our negotiating manager and our licensing operations. Our final and most exciting stage will be the joint venture that Procter Gamble Co. has set up in China. We will be partnering with a local company who we will do business with for the contracted time of three years which we decided was ample time to get started in the market. A joint venture is defined as the corporation of two or more businesses in which they share assets, profits, loss and even gave a control in the organization. Both parties bear the risk of loss, as well as, a share in the assets in a joint venture. Advantages: 1. Sharing the economic risk. 2. Using larger funds 3. As a joint venture, companies will access larger funds for the production and products. Therefore, there will be greater chances of company’s growth. Disadvantages: 1. Shared profit: Both the parties have to share the profit and that may be the written agreement. 2. Importance of Joint Venture agreement. It is better for both the parties if everything gets clarified on the paper before signing in to the joint venture agreement. . Undesired outcome: As there will not be one party who will be liable to supervise the departments so there can be disputes and lawsuits. Employees from each company will be assigned to the new China based entity. An equal share of managers and workers from each company will be hired and re-trained to align culture and company goals among employees. P will incorporate best policies and practices fr om both entities in order to create equality among the IJV for employees from each entity. As we expand our operations to China, Procter Gamble Co. ill utilize a ‘transnational’ business strategy. As a company we want to localize our company as much as possible to the Chinese community while remaining somewhat familiar to our domestic employees who will be moving with our operations to China. The transnational approach allows us to attempt to maximize both global and domestic responsiveness and integration. The goal is for us to appear as a local firm in the communities we are locating to. Other attempts to localize will include various charities and fundraising for culturally important issues in the community. You read "International Hr P" in category "Essay examples" The company will maintain a functional structure in order to simplify communication across our many global expansions. (Dibadj, Powers O’Connor, 2012, p. 12). Another issue that must be addressed is the role the Chinese government plays in our economic activities. There are obviously many differences between doing business in a democratic government and doing business in China which is a communist country. â€Å"As the most populous nation in the world, China offers awesome potential markets for multinationals. Currently, multinationals dominate FDI in China, but they are faced with very different risks and characteristics from the local Chinese enterprises that have traditionally served as China’s major investors† (Chitakornkijsil, 2011, p. 1). Some of the downfalls the Chinese economy were illustrated in a study by Chitakornkijsil (2011) which concluded, â€Å"†¦the accumulating information gained from these investments shows very mixed results. Telephones cannot be connected to each other. Many Chinese are reluctant to talk to strangers. Others are bankrupt† (p. ). The government’s activity will affect our global operations in China because the lack of technology, like lack of telephones, causes a communication problem for both marketing and internal communication. Also, the social differences like not communicating with strangers may make it hard for HR to integrate the domestic and Chinese cultures in the workplace. Another risk associated with entering China is as, â€Å"†¦for intellectual-property violations, many regard China as being in a league of its own. The nation is a major world center of counterfeiting. Copyright violations are conducted by unscrupulous business people and abetted by the employees of the multinationals being ripped off. Some mainland-based Western pharmaceutical manufacturers put the counterfeit rate at 10 percent or more. Increasingly, as multinationals suffer losses, decisions about whether to make further investments in China may be dropped altogether or put on hold. The counterfeiting issue influences PG’s ability to raise the prices of products because counterfeiters can undercut on price. In addition, when counterfeiters sell unsafe or inferior products, they undermine and harm its owner’s reputation and undermine loyalty to the brand with customers† (Chitakornkijsil, 2011, p. 4). Despite the various detrimental characteristics of doing business in China, there are many encouraging qualities as well. One of the benefits was mentioned by Chitakornkijsil (2011) is, â€Å"The opportunity to have access to the most populous nation in the world, China offers awesome potential markets for multinationals† (p. 1). Also, there are various ways to avoid the implications described previously like copyright fraud. â€Å"Various foreign multinationals depend on joint ventures with local partners to decipher the local terrain. The local partners ideally would provide knowledge of local conditions and business environments†¦However, for now, China remains a high-risk but high-potential market. † (Chitakornkijsil, 2011, p. 11). I feel confident in the joint venture we have contracted and the extensive research we’ve done about the Chinese economy. As Chitakornkijsil (2011) stated, the joint venture will ideally provide knowledge of local conditions and ultimately prevention of local issues. Although there are risks that Procter Gamble Co. will be taking by expanding to China, it is a high-potential market and as the Senior Executive for HR, I feel the potentials outweigh the risks. Cultural Implications and Differences The following table demonstrates some of the many cultural differences P employees will face when integrating with our Chinese counterpart. We will prepare our employees as well as the employees joining the IJV with proper cultural training. This training will be mandatory for all positions affected by the joint venture; all employees will be compensated and rewarded for completed training. At the end of training, employees will be tested for competency as it relates to their individual position in the IJV. |   |Chinese |Americans | |Conception Of the Self |Collectivist: Higher value placed on group cooperation |Individualist:   Higher value placed on self-reliance. Self-promotion| | |and individual modesty. |is more accepted. High value placed on â€Å"freedom† from externally | | | |imposed constraints. | |Social Relationships |Formal, hierarchical. People most comfortable in the |Informal, egalitarian. People most comfortable with their social | | |presence of a hierarchy in which they know their |equals; importance of social rankings minimized. | |position and the customs/rules for behavior in the | | | |situation. | | |Friendship |Small number of close, lifelong friends who feel deeply |Large collection of â€Å"friends† and acquaintances which changes over | | |obligated to give each other whatever help might seem |time and involves only limited mutual obligations. | |required. | | |Obligation |Relationships with other people involve reciprocal |People avoid interdependent relationships and situations that might | | |obligations. |entail long-term | |Task vs. Relationship Orientation |Relationship-oriented:   Maintaining a harmonious |Task-oriented. Relationships are less important than getting the | | |relationship has priority over accomplishing tasks. |work done. | |Harmony vs. |Avoid direct confrontation, open criticism, and |Willing to confront directly, criticize, discuss controversial | |†Truth† |controversial topics. Concern maintaining harmony and |topics, press personal opinions about what they consider â€Å"the truth. | | |with â€Å"face. |Little concern with â€Å"face. † | |Role of laws, rules, and regulations |More faith in personal relationships than in written |Written rules presumably apply to everyone and are assumed to produce| | |rules and procedures for structuring interactions. |fair, reasonable procedures and decisions. | |Time Consciousness |Relatively more attention to the past and to the |Less interested in the past; eye on near-term future. | |longer-term future. | | |Ascribed vs. Achieved Status |Traditionally, a person’s status in the society was |People’s status is based mainly on their own achievements, including | | |based importantly on inherited characteristics such as |education obtained and level of success realized in their line of | | |age, gender, and family. This is changing. |work. | (Selmer, 2008, p. 208). The cultural differences mentioned in the chart will be at the core of our training seminars. We will strive to provide employees with better understanding so that employees from both entities can integrate and feel equally understood by the company. Various Facets of the IHRM function As we globalize, Procter Gamble will explore the locations within China that we find desirable for our company’s expansion and identify the HR challenges that will arise as we re-locate to these areas. The nature of Chinese markets is different than the United States which means that our company has to think carefully about what the given geographical locations have to offer. After careful research and deliberation we have decided to focus on China’s Tier 1 cities (Shanghai and Beijing). These areas are highly populated areas with a large, middle-class representation and income levels well above the national average. Tier 1 cities are China’s most mature markets in terms of consumer behavior, and are typically the most suitable testing ground for foreign companies with limited experience in China. As mentioned previously, we will be staffing our international joint ventures with employees from both our company and the firm we are joining in China. Although we will be using employees who are already with the companies, there will still be a selection and training process in place to ensure that the best fit employees are selected for this opportunity. Recruiting We will be utilizing and internal recruitment strategy within our firms here and also within our partner’s firm abroad to recruit employees. We will use company resources such as; bulletin boards, company intranet, email, and referrals. It may be difficult finding people who are willing to move overseas so recruiting sources should find candidates who have high receptivity to international careers which reflects their attitude toward working internationally. These include their personality, prior international experience, age, gender, marital status, and education. Each firm will hold a recruitment session on the first of the month to educate employees about the opportunity and encourage them to apply. There will be an application for this position where employees will be entered to bid for the job openings along with employees from our international partner’s firm. This will ensure that employees from both firms are equally considered for all positions. Selection After all applications are received, hiring managers from both firms will collaborate to consider the qualifications of each candidate for the positions applied for. The maturity of the candidate and their ability to integrate with new and foreign culture and policies will be strongly considered. It is also important that PG screens candidates for most suitable personal characteristics, such as adaptability and desire to learn and experience new things and new people. During this selection of individuals, our hiring managers will collaborate with the partner firm’s hiring managers through a series of selection including; phone interviews, skill testing, and a final panel interview. Also, by collaborating with the managers from our joint venture we can ensure that employees from both firms are being represented equally and fairly. Management Another key decision to be made is whether to employ expatriates in senior management positions or whether to localize these roles. Employing expatriates tends to be seen to offer greater operational control, although is also more costly in terms of salary packages, relocation costs, insurance and other expenses. Also, most expatriate managers have a very limited local knowledge of Chinese cultural and business practices, and very seldom have the Chinese language skills necessary for dealing with Chinese companies on a day-to-day basis. â€Å"A key benefit of hiring a Chinese manager is the local market knowledge and deeper understanding of Chinese business they bring to the role. Not only are salary and insurance costs lower for local employees, but Chinese employees very often have existing contacts with suppliers, customers and local government authorities that can be fully utilized† (Shen Edwards, 2008, p. 45). Unfortunately, in many industries the supply of highly skilled local managers with industry experience is extremely limited, and employers may still be forced to pay a premium to attract the right caliber of employees. Equally, staff turnover rates are extremely high in China and retaining quality managers over the long term is challenging. Losing local managers will also risk losing access to their networks and local market knowledge. Due Diligence Due diligence is an important action when setting up in China for the first time. PG’s objective of due diligence as we globalize is ultimately to verify the trustworthiness of partners and employees, and to identify any red flags before proceeding with any sizeable investment. Although some basic due diligence can be carried out in-house, nowadays there are also numerous legal and risk assessment consultants with offices in China that provide business intelligence, individual background checks, and risk analysis consultancy. Compensation There are a number of different options for establishing a worldwide compensation system. PG has chosen what we feel is the most fair and uniform system of compensation which is referred to as the HQ scale. In this approach, worldwide salary levels are established at headquarters with differentials for each affiliate subsidiary according to their differing costs of living and local geography. This way every employee will be paid uniformly and there will be no ambiguity between the pay of expatriates and local employees. Also, in efforts to support integration of cultures, there will be raises based on the completion of diversity training. PG will also offer bonuses for those employees who achieve specific business goals as well. Benefits Companies in China provide their employees and workers with a variety of benefits. Benefits are an important component of a company’s compensation package for attracting and retaining its employees. The benefits, in addition to base salary, serve as incentives to the employees and encourage them to enjoy working for P. Benefits at P will include health coverage, income protection, reimbursement accounts and other programs such as Tuition Reimbursement, Employee Assistance Program, Commuter Benefit Program and Adoption Assistance. Eligibility for benefits will depend on partners paid hours which must be a minimum of 240 hours in each calendar quarter. This is uniform with the requirements of local employees which will ensure that compensation is fair across both local and global operations. Taxes Another common concern is tax liability. As the employer, P is liable to pay income tax – in the form of Pay As You Earn (PAYE) – and every three months give the tax certificate to the employee. As far as employee income taxes, we will adhere to the current laws in China which are as follows: China Tax Rates 2012 †¢ The tax on an individual’s income is progressive. As at 2013, an individual’s income is taxed progressively at 3% – 45%. †¢ The 2013 corporate tax rate for domestic and foreign companies is 25%. †¢ Small companies pay 20% corporate tax in certain cases. Overseas Income †¢ An individual and company who are Chinese residents are also taxed on their income outside China and receive a credit for overseas taxes. †¢ Qualification for residence for an individual: Permanent residence in China while an individual who has no permanent residence in China but has lived in China for less than 5 years is taxed on his income in China, or overseas income that has its origins in China. †¢ Individuals staying in China more than five tax years are taxed on their worldwide income too. Table of Income Tax Rates in China for an Individual in 2013 |Tax % |Monthly Income (CNY) | |3% |1 – 1,500 | |10% |1,501-4,500 | |20% |4,501-9,000 | |25% |9,001-35,000 | |30% |35,001-55,000 | |35% |55,001 – 80,000 | |45% |80,001 and above | (New income tax rates for China employees, 2009, p. 4). Performance Management P has a systematic process by which we involve both local and international employees, as individuals and members of a group, in improving organizational effectiveness in the accomplishment of agency mission and goals. Our employee performance management includes: †¢ planning work and setting expectations, †¢ continually monitoring performance, †¢ developing the capacity to perform, †¢ periodically rating performance in a summary fashion †¢ rewarding good performance Well-Being of the International Workforce The employee health, safety, and well-being are very important topics for P and will require extra attention by the firm in many ways. We will have to increase our attention to employee’s well-being around the world. Since we have more employees at risk because of increased global trade we will establish a more detailed health and safety policy on a global basis for all employees involved in the IJV to China. We will also have to deal with specific health and safety concerns in China such as the higher air pollution and the risk of kidnapping and/or terrorist attacks. Legal and Regulatory Environment in China Although China’s entry to the WTO in 2001 helped to liberalize China’s trade environment to some extent, many industries remain heavily regulated. There are still a lot of industries that remain off-limits to foreign companies and many industries where severe limitations remain in place. â€Å"As China’s economy develops, it is also accumulating a growing number of industry-specific regulations and standards, which both domestic and foreign companies should conform to. China has a host of different ministries and regulatory organizations that are responsible for industry regulations and laws. This makes it very difficult for foreign businesses to comply† (Shunfeng, Chengsi, Jianghuai, 2012, p. 24). In attempt to organize and comply with these regulations, PG has done large amounts of research in attempt to unravel the web of complex laws and regulations, and try to understand which authorities have primary responsibility for implementing them. References Chitakornkijsil, P. (2011). Risks and Opportunities for Foreign Multinational Companies in China. International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 4(2), 15-24. Dibadj, A. , Powers, S. , O’Connor, M. (2012). Procter Gamble: Time for Action — Enabling Growth Through Lower Costs and Increased Investments. Bernstein Black Book – Proctor Gamble: Time For Action – Enabling Growth Through Lower Costs Increased Investment, 1-213. New income tax rates for China employees. (2009). China Business Review, 21(2), 4. Selmer, J. (2002). The Chinese connection? Adjustment of Western vs. overseas Chinese expatriate managers in China. Journal Of Business Research, 55(1), 41-50. Shen, J. , Edwards, V. (2008). Recruitment and selection in Chinese MNEs. International Journal Of Human Resource Management, 15(4/5), 814-835. doi:DOI: 10. 1080/0958519042000192960 Shunfeng, S. , Chengsi, W. , Jianghuai, Z. (2012). INDUSTRIAL UPGRADE, EMPLOYMENT SHOCK, AND LAND CENTRALIZATION IN CHINA. Contemporary Economic Policy, 30(4), 523-532. doi:10. 1111/j. 1465-7287. 2011. 00266. x The Procter Gamble Company. (n. d). Company Profile Retrieved from Marketline. How to cite International Hr P, Essay examples

The British Splendid Isolation free essay sample

Finance Minister George Eulas Foster (1847–1931) to the Parliament of Canada on 16 January 1896: In these somewhat troublesome days when the great Mother Empire stands splendidly isolated in Europe The ultimate origin of the phrase is suggested in Robert M. Hamiltons Canadian Quotations and Phrases: Literary and Historical (Hull, Que. : McClelland and Stewart, 1952), which places the Foster quotation beneath the following passage from the Introduction to Robert Cooneys Compendious History of New Brunswick, published in 1832: Never did the Empress Island appear so magnificently grand, – she tood by herself, and there was a peculiar splendour in the loneliness of her glory. Foster began his career as an educator in New Brunswick , [2] where he would certainly have had access to Cooneys history. Thus, the elements of, and the sentiments underlying, the phrase appear to have originated in colonial New Brunswick during the reign of William IV, approximately 64 years before it became known as a catch-phrase for British foreign policy. Background During the late 19th century, Britains primary goal in foreign policy was to maintain the balance of power in Europe and to intervene should that balance be upset. Its secondary goal was to protect its overseas interest in the colonies and dominions, as free trade was what kept the Empire alive. The sea routes to the colonies, especially those linking Britain to India (via the Suez Canal), were vital. The policy of Splendid Isolation is perceived to have been characterized by a reluctance to enter into permanent European alliances or commitments with the other Great Powers and by an increase in the importance given to British colonies, protectorates and dependencies overseas in an era of increasing competition in the wider world, a situation elatively unknown since Britains conflicts with France during the eighteenth century. Change After the 1871 unification of German Empire , Bismarck sought alliances with other European powers to prevent Frances revenge. Successful alliances began with the Dreikaiserbund and Dual Alliance, 1879. The Triple Alliance was formed in 1882, the signing countries being Germany, Austria-Hungary , and Italy. The rise of Germany in both industrial and military terms alarmed Britain though there was an appreciation by British policy makers that under Bismarck the country was largely a status quo power. It was not until the naval aspirations of Germany under the guidance of the German Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz in the years following Bismarcks fall that Whitehall became especially alarmed. After the Triple Intervention in China, leading politicians, such as Joseph Chamberlain questioned the policy of remaining free of formal alliances. On the other side of the world, the Triple Intervention also deeply humiliated Japan, which also realised that a strong ally in Europe was needed for the world to recognise its status as a power. At the core of Salisburys olicy was a desire to avoid war with another great power or combination of powers and thus ensure that Britains lines of communications with its Empire remained secure. The main threat of war came from Russia and there was concern that she would seize the Straits and Constantinople and threaten Britains communication to India, something Britain had almost gone to war with Russia during the Great Eastern Crisis to prevent. Despite thi s, this seizure of Egypt in 1882 had changed the situation and over the next few decades, as attempts to get out of Egypt n favourable terms failed, the focus on the Straits declined. Nevertheless, the maintenance of the status quo in the Mediterranean was hugely desirable and the result was the First Mediterranean Agreement with Italy and Austria-Hungary by which they pledged to act in concert with each other in times of crisis. The Second Mediterranean Agreement, concluded 12 December 1887, was even more specific in its aims, though it still had no binding agreements which meant that it did not need to be laid before Parliament. [3] The importance of these agreements was that Salisbury was able to align British policy with that of Germany, without having to enter a formal alliance. Through them he was able to maintain an understanding with the German Chancellor, Bismarck to solve mutual problems, with Bismarck being a useful counterweight to French meddling in Egypt, and Britain being a useful ally of Austria-Hungary, thus meaning Bismarck did not have to choose between his two allies, Russia and Austria- Hungary, when they were at odds in the Balkans. This policy broke down with the fall of Bismarck though and the increasing alarm at the nstable behaviour of the new German emperor, Wilhelm II. With rising German hostility and naval expansion, and the Dual Alliance between France and Russia the result was that Britains politicians became more concerned with the international situation. With Kaiser Wilhelm intent on ending Britains free ride on the coat-tails of the Triple Alliance'[4] and the clearer descent into two power blocs Britain faced the stark ch oice of remaining isolated or acceding to one of these alliances. Britain had come close to war with European powers at the turn of the 20th century. For instance, the Fashoda Crisis in 1898, while a diplomatic victory for Britain, was a worrying situation as had war broken out, she would have had to fight France alone, and there was always the possibility of Russian intervention on Frances side. Because of her small army, she would have had to rely on her navy. There was also always the fear of war with Russia over Russian expansionism in Central Asia (see: The Great Game) and also a lesser fear of war with the United States , who opposed a British quarrel with Venezuela over the mutual border with British Guiana. Abandonment Britains isolation was formally ended by the 1902 Anglo-Japanese Alliance . Britain began to normalise its relations with European countries that it had disputes with, and the Entente Cordiale and the Anglo-Russian Entente were signed in 1904 and 1907 respectively. The Alliance System was finally formed in the same year as the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente, and is considered an important factor in the outbreak of World War I . [5] Salisbury never used the term to describe his approach to foreign policy, and even rgued against its use. It could be claimed that Britain was not isolated during this period owing to her informal alignments such as the two Mediterranean Agreements as well as the fact that it still traded with other European powers and remained heavily connected with the Empire. In addition, Salisbury never thought isolation to be splendid as he considered it dangerous to be completely uninvolved with European affairs.