Museum of Fine Art Kunsthistorisches Museum Essay Example For Students

Exhibition hall of Fine Art: Kunsthistorisches Museum Essay The Museum of Fine Arts building is situated at Wiener Reintegrates, at the contrary side of the Undernourishment Museum. The inside of the Constructionists Museum, marked by Karl non Hastener, is terrific, with enormous marble sections, momentous flights of stairs and sculptures. The gigantic assortment of the gallery was amassed by the Hapsburg rulers, and consequently is an impression of their own preferences. The Gemlike, the assortment of artworks, is one of the biggest on the planet and ranges a time from the fifteenth to the eighteenth century. Particularly very much spoke to are Flemish craftsmen. Dutch, Italian (for the most part Venetian) and Spanish specialists are likewise all around spoke to. The historical center additionally has a phenomenal assortment Of German canvases from craftsmen, for example, Albrecht Udder and Hans Holing the Younger. Theres something other than artistic creations in the Constructionists Museum however. On the ground floor are Roman and Greek relics; here youll locate an enormous number of sculptures and busts from Roman heads just as Greek jars and sculptures. One of the historical centers most significant items, the Ceiling Salt Cellar form by Benevolent Ceiling, was taken on May 11, 2003 and recuperated on January 21, 2006, in a crate covered in a woodland close to the town of Sweetly, Austria, It had been the greatest workmanship robbery in Austrian history One tooth best occasions to visit the Constructionists Museum is Thursday, when you can appreciate a lavish gourmet supper (?39) in the dome rotunda.. This historical center is the gallery for you in the event that you like to appreciate various kinds of workmanship over various zones of time, I love Egyptian craftsmanship and this historical center does an intensive and wonderful display on Egyptian bits of workmanship. In the event that you don't communicate in German I can't suggest the audiogram enough at G every me and my accomplice shared winding up getting significantly progressively out of the displays as the entirety of the little signs with data are in German. The audiogram Vass simple to utilize, distinct and fascinating.

Impact of Lipitor Patent Expiry on Pfizer. Essay Example

Effect of Lipitor Patent Expiry on Pfizer. Exposition Example Effect of Lipitor Patent Expiry on Pfizer. Paper Effect of Lipitor Patent Expiry on Pfizer. Paper Effect OF LIPITOR PATENT EXPIRY ON PFIZER. TABLE OF CONTENTSPAGE NO Executive Summary3 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Introduction4 1. 2 What is Lipitor5 1. 3Expiry of Lipitor patent5-6 CHAPTER 2: CHALLENGERS 2. 1 Challengers6 2. 2 Pfizer’s strategies7 CHAPTER 3:FINANCIAL IMPACT ON PFIZER AS LIPITOR GOES GENERIC 8-9 Recommendations10 Conclusion11 Executive rundown: This report is about the effect of patent end of Lipitor on Pfizer pharmaceutical organization. Lipitor has been in the market since 1997 and is the mother all things considered. wsj_live, 2011) As of November 30th 2011 Pfizer lost the patent of Lipitor opening way to nonexclusive contenders for America’s most mainstream drug and now all conventional creating organizations will be capable get hold of the patent and produce their own stock legitimately. Pfizer was the first to win 11$ billion of every a year selling Lipitor and 130 $ billion over the patent’s life Lipitor is liable for the one 6th deals o f Pfizer. Because of the patent lapse of the medication Lipitor now other conventional creating organizations will have the option to deliver the medication and sell it at much lower rate than Lipitor which is a marked medication. Lipitor is a blockbuster medication of Pfizer which is answerable for making a tremendous benefit and has stayed with the at the no1 position. Up to this point Pfizer was the sole maker and delighted in the imposing business model of the medication. As Lipitor goes nonexclusive the paces of the medication are tumbling down hugely in order to keep the present clients of the medication to proceed with it. Pfizer is setting up a battle with all conventional creating organizations and as it is the best showcasing pharmaceutical organization on the planet it is utilizing techniques to keep the deals up and to make the shoppers eep utilizing Lipitor significantly after the lapse. It is uplifting news for the customers yet less for the pharmaceutical business. Lipitor is a blockbuster medicate which going nonexclusive is a serious deal in the realm of pharmaceuticals; it has been answerable for making a 27% of all out deals income for all biopharmaceuticals. Pfizer is the best showcasing ph armaceutical organization on the planet which is the reason it will press out the entirety of the estimation of the brand by utilizing all methodologies which are material for this situation. It has a ton of challengers who have been standing by to get a chance to begin creating the nonexclusive variant of Lipitor like Ranbaxy and Watson pharmaceutical who have the endorsement to deliver the conventional Lipitor for 180 days after the patent expiry. While Pfizer saying thanks to on the way that the value contrast between the marked and conventional won't be much for the initial a half year. (sanburn, 2011) Pfizer is seeking after all the present clients of Lipitor to stay faithful to the brand and simultaneously is arranging and made arrangements with venders to have them sell Lipitor in the market at the conventional costs. wsj_live, 2011) The effect on Pfizer monetarily is on the loose in the beginning yet because of its strong budgetary hazard and astounding business chance profile it will have the option to withstand the misfortune in the coming time. The financial specialists are cautioned at expecting lower numbers and with plans to settle them in a brief timeframe. It is a mind boggling circumstance yet because of Pfizer’s inventive procedure to manage the circumstance it will assist with bringing the numbers up. With the patent expiry of Lipitor it is trying to give the financial specialists the numbers Pfizer has hit previously however it’s certainly feasible. philippidis, 2011) INTRODUCTION: PFIZER is the world’s biggest pharmaceutical organization. It was made in the year 1849 by Charles Pfizer and organization, a synthetic business; in the course of the only remaining century it has related itself with creating patterns to turn into an examination based pharmaceutical organization. The penicillin utilized during the World War 2 was delivered was Pfizer. The organization is arranged in New York with its examination division in Groton, Connecticut, US. It possesses the best cholesterol bringing down medication Lipitor and has other 14 blockbuster drugs. In the principal year it produced incomes of 67. 8$ billion and net gain of 8. 26$ billion. (philippidis, 2011)Pfizer is the biggest player in the pharmaceutical market having the best force in showcasing and framing affiliations. It likewise posts the most noteworthy profits in the business. Pfizer faces moves regular to every single pharmaceutical organization, for example, patent lapse and FDA guideline. It is committed to applying science and worldwide assets to advance wellbeing and prosperity at each phase of life. Auxiliary individuals are Agouron pharmaceuticals, G. D Searle organization, Greenstone, Park-Davis, Wyeth, Pharmacia, Upjohn, Warner lambert. (control, 2011) Pfizer‘s president Ian Reid declared that organization would separate significant bits of the organization with the mean to concentrate on pharmaceuticals. Its business is separated into two divisions which are biopharmaceutical with 86% of incomes which comprises of essential consideration, strength care, built up items, developing markets and oncology. The differentiated makes 14% of incomes which comprises of purchaser social insurance, creature wellbeing, sustenance among others. Some significant results of biopharmaceutical (86%of all out income) are; (sanburn, 2011) Lipitor-statin that diminishes LDL levels, top of the line and the most significant for Pfizer as it contributes essentially to the development of the organization. In any case, the patent lapsed opening it to rivalry with the conventional medications. Enbrel-for joint pain, plaque psoriasis ankylosing spondiltis. this with the acquisition of Wyeth was the biggest medication procured with Pfizer. Lyrica-utilized for the treatment of epilepsy9most fruitful pharmaceutical dispatches of Pfizer. Likewise utilized for treating focal nerve agony and uneasiness issue. Prevnar-for intrusive pneumonia. Celebrex-utilized for joint pain joint agony. Viagra-Important medication for Pfizer lost its patent in 2010. It’s utilized for erectile brokenness. Norvasc-most recommended marked medication for bringing down pulse. Pfizer has a huge RD spending burning through 9. 48$ billion out of 2010 for innovative work purposes. LIPITOR (GENERIC NAME IS ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM) Lipitor is the mother all things considered. It is a statin that is utilized to bring down cholesterol levels. Pfizer top of the line sedate and the world’s biggest selling drug. It is sold in 10, 20, 40 or 80mg. Lipitor came in the market in 1997 and gathered in 100$ billion even in a jam-packed market containing numerous other cholesterol bringing down statins a large number of them have just gone nonexclusive. Pfizer’s deals from Lipitor have made 11$billion in a year which is around one-6th of Pfizer’s complete deals. 8. 7 million American’s use Lipitor to bring down their cholesterol levels. Lipitor contributes altogether for the development of Pfizer; it is one of its blockbuster drugs. It has been the most productive physician endorsed medicate in the history with a great many clients. It is a major change for the buyers and for the universe of pharmaceutical organizations. EXPIRY OF LIPITOR’S PATENT: Lipitor has been in the market since 1997 being the main medication accessible in the market for bringing down cholesterol levels however Pfizer lost patent privileges of Lipitor on nov30th 2011 creation pathway for the conventional contenders for America’s most well known prescription. Pfizer made a 11$ billion of every 2010 overall selling Lipitor and a 130$billion over the licenses life. Lipitor is one of the blockbuster medications of Pfizer. After patent expiry of Lipitor other nonexclusive makers will have the option to deliver it and sell it at an a lot less expensive rate causing it to lose it eliteness. The most gainful medication in the history loses its selectiveness in the wake of being in the market for 14 yrs. Pfizer endured a shot of 4% or 1. 5 $billion because of patent termination of Lipitor. (time, 2011) Before patent lapse it cost 5$ a pill for the buyers yet after patent end it has come down to 4$ every month, it is probably going to decrease a lot further in the following coming a half year in which there would be a value war. Individuals will presently have the option to pay Lipitor for 80% off its unique expense. Lipitor worldwide deals were 10$ billion a year ago and they are to go as low as 3. 2$ billion in the year 2012. cnbc news, 2011) Pfizer has just lost selectiveness of Lipitor in Brazil, Mexico, Canada, and Spain a year ago yet is as yet making incomes from the creating nations. Pfizer is compelled to sell their marked medication Lipitor at conventional costs as the patent closures. Presently any pharmaceutical organization can get hold of the patent and produ ction their own stock lawfully. Pfizer appreciated the imposing business model of the medication for every one of these yrs. what's more, was the sole maker of the medication Lipitor until November 2011. Pfizer has had the option to keep up its worldwide no1 positioning for a considerable length of time due to Lipitor deals. THE CHALLENGERS: There are numerous conventional medication making organizations around the globe. Ranbaxy India’s biggest nonexclusive medication creator needed to settle procedures with Pfizer in 2008 who has won the rights to sell the medication solely for the following a half year after the patent lapse. Ranbaxy got the endorsement from the food and medication organization (FDA) to make the conventional form of the medication Lipitor which will be fabricated in New Brunswick at the ohm research facilities and will be imparting its benefit to Teva pharmaceuticals for the initial a half year. Following a half year another approved conventional rendition of Lipitor will be sold by Watson pharmaceuticals that have a select concurrence with Pfizer, as indicated by which Pfizer will make and offer nonexclusive Lipitor to Watson for the following five years. Be that as it may, those generics won’t be fundamentally less expensive than Lipitor if by any means. (narayan, 2011) After the Ranbaxy settlement a few other lawful issues were settled with conventional medication making organizations which were searching in for some activity which included M

Dole, Sanford Ballard

Dole, Sanford Ballard Dole, Sanford Ballard, 1844â€"1926, Hawaiian statesman, b. Honolulu, of American missionary parents. After education in the United States he returned to Hawaii and became prominent in public life. A leader of the revolution that in 1887 secured a more democratic constitution, Dole became justice of the supreme court under the new government. He looked with disfavor upon the revolution of 1893 that overthrew Queen Liliuokalani, but once it was accomplished he was willing to accept the office of president under the provisional government. The application of the revolutionists for annexation to the United States was refused by President Cleveland, who, after sending James H. Blount to investigate, demanded the restoration of the queen. Dole's reply, in which he defended the revolution and denied Cleveland's right to interfere, was one of his ablest papers. A constitutional convention was then held (1894), and the republic of Hawaii was created. Dole was declared the first president. His administration, during which he made efforts to secure annexation, was successful in spite of attempts at a counterrevolution and difficulties with Japan concerning immigration. After the islands were annexed in 1898 during McKinley's administration, Dole headed a commission to Congress to recommend legislation for Hawaii. The report included the draft of a bill which became the Organic Act of 1900. Dole was appointed first governor of the Territory of Hawaii in 1900. He resigned in 1903 to become U.S. district judge for Hawaii. See biography by E. M. Damon (1957). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Living Systems Biologically Depend On The Six Major...

Living systems biologically depend on the six major nutrient elements (C, H, N, O, S, and P) and complementing trace elements that can interchange for one another if they share chemical similarities. But, there are no prior reports of substitutions for the major nutrient elements. Wolfe-Simon et al. presents evidence that As can substitute for P in the biomolecules of bacterium. Although Since As is a chemical analog of P, downstream metabolic processes are usually not compatible with As-incorporating molecules due to differences in the reactivities of As and P compounds. But, Wolfe-Simon et al. hypothesized that AsO43- could substitute for PO43- in an organism with the ability to cope with the instability of AsO43- compounds. Wolfe-Simon et al. experimented with AsO43- combined with no added PO43-, to select for and isolate GFAJ-1 of Mono Lake. Their data (from ICP-MS, synchrotron x-rays, NanoSIMS, etc) showed As-dependent growth by GFAJ-1 that was accompanied by AsO43- uptake and a ssimilation into biomolecules (nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites). By using As as a selective agent and excluding P, it was shown that GFAJ-1 is not an obligate arsenophile and grew much better when provided with P. Also, GFAJ-1 coped with the instability of AsO43- esters due to poly-ÃŽ ²-hydroxybutyrate rich vacuole-like regions and possibly from intracellular regions or mechanisms that exclude water. In response to Wolfe-Simon et al., Reaves et al. cultured the same GFAJ-1 cells andShow MoreRelatedTrophic Categories Etc..2573 Words   |  11 PagesConsumers 3. 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How Eating Disorders Affect Health - 772 Words

Eating Disorders are conditions in which involves irregular eating habits, either insufficient or excessive food, that affects inimical the body’s image and mental health (Wikipedia). It affects men and women of all ages, but it has a greater impact among adolescences and young adults. In the United States, 24 million Americans are battling eating disorders, in which 1 million are males and 23 million are females. An individual who portraits this condition may have an irrational self-image thought that impinged on an individual’s life and affects their health by disrupting body functions and daily activities (National Eating Disorders Association). The most common disorders are Bulimia Nervosa, Anorexia Nervosa, and Binge-Eating Disorder, but some people may be diagnosed with EDNOS, they don’t have all the signs of a Bulimia or Anorexia Disorder (National Eating Disorders Association). These conditions are mainly caused by a coalition of multiple factors such as , biochemical, psychological, cultural and environmental. Biochemical is any deviation of any chemical or substance that affects your appetite, mood, sleep, and stress. Psychological is the most common cause; it deals with low self-esteem, impulsive behavior, perfectionism, and difficulty dealing and expressing emotions. Cultural and environmental are mainly peer pressure and social media (ULifeline). The most common disorders are Bulimia Nervosa, Anorexia Nervosa, and Binge-Eating Disorder,Show MoreRelatedEating Disorder Outline951 Words   |  4 Pagesis eating disorder. Central Idea: informative speech about the three type of eating disorder which are Anorexia Nervosa, Binge Eating Disorder and Bulimia Nervosa. Then my second point will focus on the causes of eating disorder, after that in my last main point I will discuss its effects on our life. I. Introduction A. 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International Hr P Free Essays

string(67) " and fundraising for culturally important issues in the community\." International HR Project: Procter Gamble Co. Rachel Angelina Walker Morrisville State College BSAD 415 International Human Resource Management Dr. Linda F. We will write a custom essay sample on International Hr P or any similar topic only for you Order Now Turner February 10, 2013 Organizational Background PG is a global manufacturer and marketer of branded consumer products. The company markets its products in over 180 countries spanning Americas, Europe, EMEA and Asian region. In the company profile (The Proctor and Gamble Company), PG’s organizational structure is explained as being comprised of global business units, global operations; global business services and corporate functions. The company is organized into two global business units: beauty and grooming, and household care. The main focus of this business unit is new product upgrades, innovations and marketing plans. The company profile (The Proctor and Gamble Company) also states that PG is one of the world’s largest consumer goods companies. â€Å"Its products reach 4. 4 billion people worldwide. P has the strongest portfolio of brands in the industry, with 50 leadership brands that generate 90% of the company’s sales and profits† (p. 123). P has a leading market position and strong brand portfolio which provides them with a competitive advantage. The 2012 company profile (The Proctor and Gamble Company) recorded revenues of $83,680 million, an increase of 3. 2% over 2011. P listed North America as the company’s largest geographic market, this accounts for 39% of their total revenues. â€Å"PG generates revenues through five reportable segments: fabric care and home care (32. 1%* of the total revenues in 2012), beauty (24%), baby care and family care (19. 4%), health care (14. 6%) and grooming (9. %)†(p. 103). The current global operations that comprise PG’s Market Development Organization involve â€Å"go-to-market† plans at the local level with dedicated retail customer, trade channel and country-specific teams. It is organized into five geographic units: North America, Western Europe, Central and Eastern Europe/Middle East/Africa, Latin America and Asia which comprises Japan, Greater China and ASEAN/Australia/India/ Korea. For 2013, the company will be forming a joint venture in the Asian geographic unit. Intricacies of Global Organizations As we prepare to expand our operations to China, we will begin by creating an international design and structure. There will be several stages that our company undergoes in an attempt to break into the Chinese market successfully. First, we plan to engage in portfolio investment in order to purchase stock from the local firms in China. Procter Gamble Co. is a worldwide recognized company established in many markets across the globe. Therefore, although we will be emphasizing the exportation and sales of our products in the Chinese market, this stage will not be a very big operation due to our already existing global familiarity. At this time, our company will take on light training to ensure that our employees have the capabilities to do business across borders. As stated previously, we already operate across several boarders so the training will just ensure some skill sharpening among existing employees who will be affected by our expansion to China. The second stage in creating our international structure will be sales. In this stage we will be focusing on hiring managers, or training existing managers, who will specialize in purchasing and sales in China. The next stage deals with our method of entering the Chinese market, we have chosen to gradually expand into China by beginning with licensing. By doing this we have located firms that already exist in China that are capable and experienced with manufacturing our products. By licensing, we are able to cut costs and be more integral in the local community allowing for a more seamless expansion into Chinese market. The only person that will be involved in these operations from Procter Gamble Co. will be the Sales Negotiator that we have hired and trained. Technology will be an important tool in the vital relationship between our negotiating manager and our licensing operations. Our final and most exciting stage will be the joint venture that Procter Gamble Co. has set up in China. We will be partnering with a local company who we will do business with for the contracted time of three years which we decided was ample time to get started in the market. A joint venture is defined as the corporation of two or more businesses in which they share assets, profits, loss and even gave a control in the organization. Both parties bear the risk of loss, as well as, a share in the assets in a joint venture. Advantages: 1. Sharing the economic risk. 2. Using larger funds 3. As a joint venture, companies will access larger funds for the production and products. Therefore, there will be greater chances of company’s growth. Disadvantages: 1. Shared profit: Both the parties have to share the profit and that may be the written agreement. 2. Importance of Joint Venture agreement. It is better for both the parties if everything gets clarified on the paper before signing in to the joint venture agreement. . Undesired outcome: As there will not be one party who will be liable to supervise the departments so there can be disputes and lawsuits. Employees from each company will be assigned to the new China based entity. An equal share of managers and workers from each company will be hired and re-trained to align culture and company goals among employees. P will incorporate best policies and practices fr om both entities in order to create equality among the IJV for employees from each entity. As we expand our operations to China, Procter Gamble Co. ill utilize a ‘transnational’ business strategy. As a company we want to localize our company as much as possible to the Chinese community while remaining somewhat familiar to our domestic employees who will be moving with our operations to China. The transnational approach allows us to attempt to maximize both global and domestic responsiveness and integration. The goal is for us to appear as a local firm in the communities we are locating to. Other attempts to localize will include various charities and fundraising for culturally important issues in the community. You read "International Hr P" in category "Essay examples" The company will maintain a functional structure in order to simplify communication across our many global expansions. (Dibadj, Powers O’Connor, 2012, p. 12). Another issue that must be addressed is the role the Chinese government plays in our economic activities. There are obviously many differences between doing business in a democratic government and doing business in China which is a communist country. â€Å"As the most populous nation in the world, China offers awesome potential markets for multinationals. Currently, multinationals dominate FDI in China, but they are faced with very different risks and characteristics from the local Chinese enterprises that have traditionally served as China’s major investors† (Chitakornkijsil, 2011, p. 1). Some of the downfalls the Chinese economy were illustrated in a study by Chitakornkijsil (2011) which concluded, â€Å"†¦the accumulating information gained from these investments shows very mixed results. Telephones cannot be connected to each other. Many Chinese are reluctant to talk to strangers. Others are bankrupt† (p. ). The government’s activity will affect our global operations in China because the lack of technology, like lack of telephones, causes a communication problem for both marketing and internal communication. Also, the social differences like not communicating with strangers may make it hard for HR to integrate the domestic and Chinese cultures in the workplace. Another risk associated with entering China is as, â€Å"†¦for intellectual-property violations, many regard China as being in a league of its own. The nation is a major world center of counterfeiting. Copyright violations are conducted by unscrupulous business people and abetted by the employees of the multinationals being ripped off. Some mainland-based Western pharmaceutical manufacturers put the counterfeit rate at 10 percent or more. Increasingly, as multinationals suffer losses, decisions about whether to make further investments in China may be dropped altogether or put on hold. The counterfeiting issue influences PG’s ability to raise the prices of products because counterfeiters can undercut on price. In addition, when counterfeiters sell unsafe or inferior products, they undermine and harm its owner’s reputation and undermine loyalty to the brand with customers† (Chitakornkijsil, 2011, p. 4). Despite the various detrimental characteristics of doing business in China, there are many encouraging qualities as well. One of the benefits was mentioned by Chitakornkijsil (2011) is, â€Å"The opportunity to have access to the most populous nation in the world, China offers awesome potential markets for multinationals† (p. 1). Also, there are various ways to avoid the implications described previously like copyright fraud. â€Å"Various foreign multinationals depend on joint ventures with local partners to decipher the local terrain. The local partners ideally would provide knowledge of local conditions and business environments†¦However, for now, China remains a high-risk but high-potential market. † (Chitakornkijsil, 2011, p. 11). I feel confident in the joint venture we have contracted and the extensive research we’ve done about the Chinese economy. As Chitakornkijsil (2011) stated, the joint venture will ideally provide knowledge of local conditions and ultimately prevention of local issues. Although there are risks that Procter Gamble Co. will be taking by expanding to China, it is a high-potential market and as the Senior Executive for HR, I feel the potentials outweigh the risks. Cultural Implications and Differences The following table demonstrates some of the many cultural differences P employees will face when integrating with our Chinese counterpart. We will prepare our employees as well as the employees joining the IJV with proper cultural training. This training will be mandatory for all positions affected by the joint venture; all employees will be compensated and rewarded for completed training. At the end of training, employees will be tested for competency as it relates to their individual position in the IJV. |   |Chinese |Americans | |Conception Of the Self |Collectivist: Higher value placed on group cooperation |Individualist:   Higher value placed on self-reliance. Self-promotion| | |and individual modesty. |is more accepted. High value placed on â€Å"freedom† from externally | | | |imposed constraints. | |Social Relationships |Formal, hierarchical. People most comfortable in the |Informal, egalitarian. People most comfortable with their social | | |presence of a hierarchy in which they know their |equals; importance of social rankings minimized. | |position and the customs/rules for behavior in the | | | |situation. | | |Friendship |Small number of close, lifelong friends who feel deeply |Large collection of â€Å"friends† and acquaintances which changes over | | |obligated to give each other whatever help might seem |time and involves only limited mutual obligations. | |required. | | |Obligation |Relationships with other people involve reciprocal |People avoid interdependent relationships and situations that might | | |obligations. |entail long-term | |Task vs. Relationship Orientation |Relationship-oriented:   Maintaining a harmonious |Task-oriented. Relationships are less important than getting the | | |relationship has priority over accomplishing tasks. |work done. | |Harmony vs. |Avoid direct confrontation, open criticism, and |Willing to confront directly, criticize, discuss controversial | |†Truth† |controversial topics. Concern maintaining harmony and |topics, press personal opinions about what they consider â€Å"the truth. | | |with â€Å"face. |Little concern with â€Å"face. † | |Role of laws, rules, and regulations |More faith in personal relationships than in written |Written rules presumably apply to everyone and are assumed to produce| | |rules and procedures for structuring interactions. |fair, reasonable procedures and decisions. | |Time Consciousness |Relatively more attention to the past and to the |Less interested in the past; eye on near-term future. | |longer-term future. | | |Ascribed vs. Achieved Status |Traditionally, a person’s status in the society was |People’s status is based mainly on their own achievements, including | | |based importantly on inherited characteristics such as |education obtained and level of success realized in their line of | | |age, gender, and family. This is changing. |work. | (Selmer, 2008, p. 208). The cultural differences mentioned in the chart will be at the core of our training seminars. We will strive to provide employees with better understanding so that employees from both entities can integrate and feel equally understood by the company. Various Facets of the IHRM function As we globalize, Procter Gamble will explore the locations within China that we find desirable for our company’s expansion and identify the HR challenges that will arise as we re-locate to these areas. The nature of Chinese markets is different than the United States which means that our company has to think carefully about what the given geographical locations have to offer. After careful research and deliberation we have decided to focus on China’s Tier 1 cities (Shanghai and Beijing). These areas are highly populated areas with a large, middle-class representation and income levels well above the national average. Tier 1 cities are China’s most mature markets in terms of consumer behavior, and are typically the most suitable testing ground for foreign companies with limited experience in China. As mentioned previously, we will be staffing our international joint ventures with employees from both our company and the firm we are joining in China. Although we will be using employees who are already with the companies, there will still be a selection and training process in place to ensure that the best fit employees are selected for this opportunity. Recruiting We will be utilizing and internal recruitment strategy within our firms here and also within our partner’s firm abroad to recruit employees. We will use company resources such as; bulletin boards, company intranet, email, and referrals. It may be difficult finding people who are willing to move overseas so recruiting sources should find candidates who have high receptivity to international careers which reflects their attitude toward working internationally. These include their personality, prior international experience, age, gender, marital status, and education. Each firm will hold a recruitment session on the first of the month to educate employees about the opportunity and encourage them to apply. There will be an application for this position where employees will be entered to bid for the job openings along with employees from our international partner’s firm. This will ensure that employees from both firms are equally considered for all positions. Selection After all applications are received, hiring managers from both firms will collaborate to consider the qualifications of each candidate for the positions applied for. The maturity of the candidate and their ability to integrate with new and foreign culture and policies will be strongly considered. It is also important that PG screens candidates for most suitable personal characteristics, such as adaptability and desire to learn and experience new things and new people. During this selection of individuals, our hiring managers will collaborate with the partner firm’s hiring managers through a series of selection including; phone interviews, skill testing, and a final panel interview. Also, by collaborating with the managers from our joint venture we can ensure that employees from both firms are being represented equally and fairly. Management Another key decision to be made is whether to employ expatriates in senior management positions or whether to localize these roles. Employing expatriates tends to be seen to offer greater operational control, although is also more costly in terms of salary packages, relocation costs, insurance and other expenses. Also, most expatriate managers have a very limited local knowledge of Chinese cultural and business practices, and very seldom have the Chinese language skills necessary for dealing with Chinese companies on a day-to-day basis. â€Å"A key benefit of hiring a Chinese manager is the local market knowledge and deeper understanding of Chinese business they bring to the role. Not only are salary and insurance costs lower for local employees, but Chinese employees very often have existing contacts with suppliers, customers and local government authorities that can be fully utilized† (Shen Edwards, 2008, p. 45). Unfortunately, in many industries the supply of highly skilled local managers with industry experience is extremely limited, and employers may still be forced to pay a premium to attract the right caliber of employees. Equally, staff turnover rates are extremely high in China and retaining quality managers over the long term is challenging. Losing local managers will also risk losing access to their networks and local market knowledge. Due Diligence Due diligence is an important action when setting up in China for the first time. PG’s objective of due diligence as we globalize is ultimately to verify the trustworthiness of partners and employees, and to identify any red flags before proceeding with any sizeable investment. Although some basic due diligence can be carried out in-house, nowadays there are also numerous legal and risk assessment consultants with offices in China that provide business intelligence, individual background checks, and risk analysis consultancy. Compensation There are a number of different options for establishing a worldwide compensation system. PG has chosen what we feel is the most fair and uniform system of compensation which is referred to as the HQ scale. In this approach, worldwide salary levels are established at headquarters with differentials for each affiliate subsidiary according to their differing costs of living and local geography. This way every employee will be paid uniformly and there will be no ambiguity between the pay of expatriates and local employees. Also, in efforts to support integration of cultures, there will be raises based on the completion of diversity training. PG will also offer bonuses for those employees who achieve specific business goals as well. Benefits Companies in China provide their employees and workers with a variety of benefits. Benefits are an important component of a company’s compensation package for attracting and retaining its employees. The benefits, in addition to base salary, serve as incentives to the employees and encourage them to enjoy working for P. Benefits at P will include health coverage, income protection, reimbursement accounts and other programs such as Tuition Reimbursement, Employee Assistance Program, Commuter Benefit Program and Adoption Assistance. Eligibility for benefits will depend on partners paid hours which must be a minimum of 240 hours in each calendar quarter. This is uniform with the requirements of local employees which will ensure that compensation is fair across both local and global operations. Taxes Another common concern is tax liability. As the employer, P is liable to pay income tax – in the form of Pay As You Earn (PAYE) – and every three months give the tax certificate to the employee. As far as employee income taxes, we will adhere to the current laws in China which are as follows: China Tax Rates 2012 †¢ The tax on an individual’s income is progressive. As at 2013, an individual’s income is taxed progressively at 3% – 45%. †¢ The 2013 corporate tax rate for domestic and foreign companies is 25%. †¢ Small companies pay 20% corporate tax in certain cases. Overseas Income †¢ An individual and company who are Chinese residents are also taxed on their income outside China and receive a credit for overseas taxes. †¢ Qualification for residence for an individual: Permanent residence in China while an individual who has no permanent residence in China but has lived in China for less than 5 years is taxed on his income in China, or overseas income that has its origins in China. †¢ Individuals staying in China more than five tax years are taxed on their worldwide income too. Table of Income Tax Rates in China for an Individual in 2013 |Tax % |Monthly Income (CNY) | |3% |1 – 1,500 | |10% |1,501-4,500 | |20% |4,501-9,000 | |25% |9,001-35,000 | |30% |35,001-55,000 | |35% |55,001 – 80,000 | |45% |80,001 and above | (New income tax rates for China employees, 2009, p. 4). Performance Management P has a systematic process by which we involve both local and international employees, as individuals and members of a group, in improving organizational effectiveness in the accomplishment of agency mission and goals. Our employee performance management includes: †¢ planning work and setting expectations, †¢ continually monitoring performance, †¢ developing the capacity to perform, †¢ periodically rating performance in a summary fashion †¢ rewarding good performance Well-Being of the International Workforce The employee health, safety, and well-being are very important topics for P and will require extra attention by the firm in many ways. We will have to increase our attention to employee’s well-being around the world. Since we have more employees at risk because of increased global trade we will establish a more detailed health and safety policy on a global basis for all employees involved in the IJV to China. We will also have to deal with specific health and safety concerns in China such as the higher air pollution and the risk of kidnapping and/or terrorist attacks. Legal and Regulatory Environment in China Although China’s entry to the WTO in 2001 helped to liberalize China’s trade environment to some extent, many industries remain heavily regulated. There are still a lot of industries that remain off-limits to foreign companies and many industries where severe limitations remain in place. â€Å"As China’s economy develops, it is also accumulating a growing number of industry-specific regulations and standards, which both domestic and foreign companies should conform to. China has a host of different ministries and regulatory organizations that are responsible for industry regulations and laws. This makes it very difficult for foreign businesses to comply† (Shunfeng, Chengsi, Jianghuai, 2012, p. 24). In attempt to organize and comply with these regulations, PG has done large amounts of research in attempt to unravel the web of complex laws and regulations, and try to understand which authorities have primary responsibility for implementing them. References Chitakornkijsil, P. (2011). Risks and Opportunities for Foreign Multinational Companies in China. International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 4(2), 15-24. Dibadj, A. , Powers, S. , O’Connor, M. (2012). Procter Gamble: Time for Action — Enabling Growth Through Lower Costs and Increased Investments. Bernstein Black Book – Proctor Gamble: Time For Action – Enabling Growth Through Lower Costs Increased Investment, 1-213. New income tax rates for China employees. (2009). China Business Review, 21(2), 4. Selmer, J. (2002). The Chinese connection? Adjustment of Western vs. overseas Chinese expatriate managers in China. Journal Of Business Research, 55(1), 41-50. Shen, J. , Edwards, V. (2008). Recruitment and selection in Chinese MNEs. International Journal Of Human Resource Management, 15(4/5), 814-835. doi:DOI: 10. 1080/0958519042000192960 Shunfeng, S. , Chengsi, W. , Jianghuai, Z. (2012). INDUSTRIAL UPGRADE, EMPLOYMENT SHOCK, AND LAND CENTRALIZATION IN CHINA. Contemporary Economic Policy, 30(4), 523-532. doi:10. 1111/j. 1465-7287. 2011. 00266. x The Procter Gamble Company. (n. d). Company Profile Retrieved from Marketline. How to cite International Hr P, Essay examples

The British Splendid Isolation free essay sample

Finance Minister George Eulas Foster (1847–1931) to the Parliament of Canada on 16 January 1896: In these somewhat troublesome days when the great Mother Empire stands splendidly isolated in Europe The ultimate origin of the phrase is suggested in Robert M. Hamiltons Canadian Quotations and Phrases: Literary and Historical (Hull, Que. : McClelland and Stewart, 1952), which places the Foster quotation beneath the following passage from the Introduction to Robert Cooneys Compendious History of New Brunswick, published in 1832: Never did the Empress Island appear so magnificently grand, – she tood by herself, and there was a peculiar splendour in the loneliness of her glory. Foster began his career as an educator in New Brunswick , [2] where he would certainly have had access to Cooneys history. Thus, the elements of, and the sentiments underlying, the phrase appear to have originated in colonial New Brunswick during the reign of William IV, approximately 64 years before it became known as a catch-phrase for British foreign policy. Background During the late 19th century, Britains primary goal in foreign policy was to maintain the balance of power in Europe and to intervene should that balance be upset. Its secondary goal was to protect its overseas interest in the colonies and dominions, as free trade was what kept the Empire alive. The sea routes to the colonies, especially those linking Britain to India (via the Suez Canal), were vital. The policy of Splendid Isolation is perceived to have been characterized by a reluctance to enter into permanent European alliances or commitments with the other Great Powers and by an increase in the importance given to British colonies, protectorates and dependencies overseas in an era of increasing competition in the wider world, a situation elatively unknown since Britains conflicts with France during the eighteenth century. Change After the 1871 unification of German Empire , Bismarck sought alliances with other European powers to prevent Frances revenge. Successful alliances began with the Dreikaiserbund and Dual Alliance, 1879. The Triple Alliance was formed in 1882, the signing countries being Germany, Austria-Hungary , and Italy. The rise of Germany in both industrial and military terms alarmed Britain though there was an appreciation by British policy makers that under Bismarck the country was largely a status quo power. It was not until the naval aspirations of Germany under the guidance of the German Admiral Alfred von Tirpitz in the years following Bismarcks fall that Whitehall became especially alarmed. After the Triple Intervention in China, leading politicians, such as Joseph Chamberlain questioned the policy of remaining free of formal alliances. On the other side of the world, the Triple Intervention also deeply humiliated Japan, which also realised that a strong ally in Europe was needed for the world to recognise its status as a power. At the core of Salisburys olicy was a desire to avoid war with another great power or combination of powers and thus ensure that Britains lines of communications with its Empire remained secure. The main threat of war came from Russia and there was concern that she would seize the Straits and Constantinople and threaten Britains communication to India, something Britain had almost gone to war with Russia during the Great Eastern Crisis to prevent. Despite thi s, this seizure of Egypt in 1882 had changed the situation and over the next few decades, as attempts to get out of Egypt n favourable terms failed, the focus on the Straits declined. Nevertheless, the maintenance of the status quo in the Mediterranean was hugely desirable and the result was the First Mediterranean Agreement with Italy and Austria-Hungary by which they pledged to act in concert with each other in times of crisis. The Second Mediterranean Agreement, concluded 12 December 1887, was even more specific in its aims, though it still had no binding agreements which meant that it did not need to be laid before Parliament. [3] The importance of these agreements was that Salisbury was able to align British policy with that of Germany, without having to enter a formal alliance. Through them he was able to maintain an understanding with the German Chancellor, Bismarck to solve mutual problems, with Bismarck being a useful counterweight to French meddling in Egypt, and Britain being a useful ally of Austria-Hungary, thus meaning Bismarck did not have to choose between his two allies, Russia and Austria- Hungary, when they were at odds in the Balkans. This policy broke down with the fall of Bismarck though and the increasing alarm at the nstable behaviour of the new German emperor, Wilhelm II. With rising German hostility and naval expansion, and the Dual Alliance between France and Russia the result was that Britains politicians became more concerned with the international situation. With Kaiser Wilhelm intent on ending Britains free ride on the coat-tails of the Triple Alliance'[4] and the clearer descent into two power blocs Britain faced the stark ch oice of remaining isolated or acceding to one of these alliances. Britain had come close to war with European powers at the turn of the 20th century. For instance, the Fashoda Crisis in 1898, while a diplomatic victory for Britain, was a worrying situation as had war broken out, she would have had to fight France alone, and there was always the possibility of Russian intervention on Frances side. Because of her small army, she would have had to rely on her navy. There was also always the fear of war with Russia over Russian expansionism in Central Asia (see: The Great Game) and also a lesser fear of war with the United States , who opposed a British quarrel with Venezuela over the mutual border with British Guiana. Abandonment Britains isolation was formally ended by the 1902 Anglo-Japanese Alliance . Britain began to normalise its relations with European countries that it had disputes with, and the Entente Cordiale and the Anglo-Russian Entente were signed in 1904 and 1907 respectively. The Alliance System was finally formed in the same year as the Triple Alliance and Triple Entente, and is considered an important factor in the outbreak of World War I . [5] Salisbury never used the term to describe his approach to foreign policy, and even rgued against its use. It could be claimed that Britain was not isolated during this period owing to her informal alignments such as the two Mediterranean Agreements as well as the fact that it still traded with other European powers and remained heavily connected with the Empire. In addition, Salisbury never thought isolation to be splendid as he considered it dangerous to be completely uninvolved with European affairs.

Solving ethical dilemmas in public relations

An Existentialist Reading of Catch-22 essays

An Existentialist Reading of Catch-22 essays Mankind has always been in search of something more meaningful than we can truly comprehend, when in actuality, there really isn't anything we can truly comprehend to begin with. Mankind is plummeting towards an unknown destiny of prosperity or devastation and there is truly nothing we can do or say to stop whatever occurrence awaits us. Joseph Heller brings us a little closer to our insane destiny with his novel Catch- 22 as he depicts grimly absurd scenes that are "all about a society that is fast going insane", according to John W. Aldridge. Characters cursed with savage physical desires and characters cursed with one-dimensional thoughts are the basic make-up of this extremely intricate novel. The reader is constantly aware of basic human desire, but then they're reminded of the absurdity and pointlessness of the world in which they desire. Heller highlights the essential nonsensicality of our existence through the use of absurd, and yet somehow depressingly realistic circumstances that force the reader into wondering why they go through so much trouble to exist in a world that most certainly has no point. Heller does an excellent job of highlighting the importance of basic human desires, and they play a pivotal role in this novel. Heller uses each of his characters to introduce a new desire and or physical need that humans experiences in all phases of their lives. Hungry Joe represents sexual desire, the Chaplain represents the desire for basic human companionship, Milo depicts the desire for success and money, and so on and so forth. Almost all of Heller's Characters are in search of something, they all want to feel something or be a part of something in order to feel connected to something. Yossarian is constantly falling in love because he needs to feel that connection to another human being. Yossarian needs to know that it is possible for two humans to connect in a way that ...

In the instructions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

In the instructions - Essay Example This practice was sustained and the Babylonians in 1750 BC invented a method where the trader would borrow assets to financially support his cargo of merchandises (Tramposh 1991). He gave the lender an extra amount of cash and in trade for this extra amount, the lender authorized the invalidation of the loan should the cargo be damaged, embezzled, or lost. According to Tramposh (1991), this practice was documented roughly 1750 BC in the Code of Hammurabi. Prior to the early 20th century, worker’s compensation remained absent in the United States. At the moment, most individuals provided labor or services. However, for people who did not, in the initial period of the industrial revolution, when a laborer was harmed in the workplace, the issue had to be pursued through the web of legal courts. Injured laborers usually fail in these cases (Lencsis 1998). Most businesses or organizations were much better prepared or knowledgeable than their injured workers in manipulating the courts. Because of this it became apparent that workers should have some level of security from the trouble of injuries or damages on the job. In Indiana, the current worker’s compensation system is obligatory, implying that companies are obliged to give worker’s compensation insurance for their workers. Complete healthcare benefits are given to workers eligible for worker’s compensation benefits (Schoening 2003). Compensations are given for temporary total disability (TTD) and permanent total disability (PTD) in a sum decided by a fraction of the employee’s earnings. Compensation may be accessible for permanent disfigurement which incapacitates the potential worth of prospects of the worker. Occupational and physical treatment compensations are accessible. Death benefits are allocated to a worker’s living spouse or children, founded on a fraction of the worker’s salaries

Emergency Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Emergency Management - Research Paper Example The mission of the Base emergency management is to direct and deploy assets to mitigate risk. It is clearly indicated from this mission that the Base EOC is only aimed at making sure that risks are adequately mitigated through directing and deploying of available assets. In the process, they use various resources that includes; professional personnel, the various tools used in the emergency such as fire extinguishers and water, transportation materials, active communication channels, and the support from the relevant authorities (Hughes, 2012). The resources mentioned here are crucial for the emergency management process to be effective both in the short run and long run. It is due to this that most managers consider them to be assets in their organization which come to help in the management of the risk. However, the availability of such assets is not always guaranteed for every organization that is in charge of controlling emerging situations in our society. Therefore, it was cruci al that we consider if these valuable resources are available to the Base EOC. Consideration of the availability of these assets can help in determining if the Base emergency management is going to achieve its mission of mitigating risks through deploying of assets in the affected regions.

Communicating In Health And Social Care Organisations Social Work Essay

Communicating In Health And Social Care Organisations Social Work Essay INTRODUCTION Language in particular and communication in general, permeates every aspect of peoples lives. It is important in everything that a person does, in whatever profession an individual might be in. It fosters greater understanding as well the possibility of establishing better relationships between the parties which are communicating. This paper seeks to address the issue by the provision of the theories of communication which are applicable in health and social care, how to use effective communication skills in such a context, methods of dealing with inappropriate communication practices, strategies for effective communication, and the benefits and need to be engaged in effective and efficient communication practices, especially in the context of the said profession. The author will stipulate significant factors which are assumed to be highly influential in the process of communication include culture, values, legislations, and other regulations which govern the practice of the profession. The author will also provide suggestions on how the communication process can be improved so that it can be more useful in the field of health and social care. Furthermore, the author will discuss the standard software which are used by the health and social workers in their profession, an analysis of the benefits which were brought about by such applications, provide an analysis of how such technology enhances activities in the profession, and evaluate the legal considerations which are critical to be understood in the application of the information and communication technology. The author will further discuss the nature of the workplace where the author is working. The organization provides care services for clients with physical and mental disabilities and for clients with dementia. USE OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS IN HEALTH CARE THEORIES OF COMMUNICATION Four theoretical approaches in the practice of health and social care will be highlighted in this section: psychodynamic, behaviourist, humanistic and cognitive. The main foundation of the psychodynamic theory to communication is grounded on the works of Sigmund Freud. This does not involve only a single theory but stems to a number of other theories which were all grounded on the foundations of the work of Freud. This theory combines those which are associated to psyche which includes not only the mind but the entire inner feelings, thoughts and experiences and dynamics which refer to the notion that psyche is not stable, rather active. According to this theory, communication with the individuals self is very critical as it is the foundation of that persons communication practices to others. One of the basic assumptions on this theory is that the individual is the author of his own history; therefore, the individuals earliest experiences form the foundations of how that person deals with others. Such can be modified along the process. Another basic assumption is that the individual lives in two worlds at the same time, internal and external. The internal world is unconscious while the external is controlled. The theory also assumes that all behaviour is logical and acted upon with purpose. These factors are highly influential with how the individual communicates in health and social care setting (Ellis et al., 2003). Another theory which can be noted is the behaviourist theory. The main foundation of this theory is the notion that all behaviour is largely based on learnt responses about specific stimuli. This can be able to explain the method of language acquisition such as that of the echoic response wherein the infant imitates the sound which is made by the health or social professional, who, on the other hand, reinforces the behaviour of the infant. This theory focuses on behaviour and highlights the present and the future (Ellis et al., 2003). The third theory which will be considered in this paper is the humanistic approach. Under this theory, the person is the highlight of interest rejecting the significance of behaviour and the unconscious impulses which result from the past. Two of the theories which are under this approach are the person-centred theory and the transactional analysis. The former highlights the importance of childhood and current experiences in life while the latter reiterates the significance of personality, child development, social psychology, and psychopathology (Sully Dallas, 2005). According to Carl Rogers (1902-1987), People are essentially trustworthy, that they have a vast potential for understanding themselves and resolving their own problems without direct intervention on the therapists part, and that they are capable of self-directed growth if they are involved in a specific kind of therapeutic relationship. In relation to health care context, the goal of this theory is to make the clients become more open in their own personal experience, to accept themselves in all aspect, and to minimize things that might challenge their concept of self. To achieve this, there must be a good relationship between the therapist and the client. The therapist must be realistic but not offensive, accepting but critical to the misconduct of the client. Trust between the therapist and the client is important so the client will not feel social distance scale. It is basically understanding and accepting the client as a whole being, not judging the clients impurities. The fourth is the social cognitive theory. According to Bandura (1986), individuals obtain more information through observational learning. At home, how a parent would nurture their child can be an environmental factor that influences the child the way he behaves. Learning starts from the home whereby a child imitates the people around him. Behaviour then is being shaped and as the child grows; his natural curiosity is reinforced by his motivation to learn. The social cognitive theory explains the interaction between the person and the environment which involves cognitive competencies such as achievement that are developed and modified by social influences and structures within the environment such as parents and society. USE OF COMMUNICATION SKILLS There are many ways to communicate; it could be verbal, non-verbal, writing and listening. Verbal communication is used when giving information or doing trainings, on the telephone, hand over and when talking face to face with a client. For verbal communication, there are things to consider like the tone of voice, pitch and talk on the same level, never talk with your back on your client. Non-verbal communication is used for clients who have difficulty hearing, deaf and mute. Factors to bear in mind are facial expression, hand gestures, physical appearance and body posture. Aids that might help communication are the use of symbols, picture cards and communication board or writing pad. The art of good listening is practiced by letting the clients talk in their own pace and giving them time to express themselves. Transmission of information becomes effective by getting the message across clearly and reflects on how the message was conveyed. The benefits of effective and efficient communication skills in the practice of health and social care can be highlighted by how it is used in the profession. One of the uses of communication in this field is to foster the growth and development of the practice. It must be noted that communication does not only exist between the health professional and the client. It is also evident between health professionals themselves. Communication can be used in this field to be assured that innovative ideas, trends, and best practices are shared amongst the healthcare professionals and social workers for the betterment of their profession (Santy Smith, 2007). Communication can also be used in the context of health and social care to be able to promote an advocacy. This kind of communication is often utilized in mediums like advertisements on print and other channels. The use of media for health promotion campaigns is very convincing that people understand healthy living and what is best for them. Lastly, it has also been noted that communication can be used in the health and social care setting to be able to foster partnership with clients or patients, treat them with respect, provide patients with self-esteem, provision of practical help and advice regarding their condition, stimulate their intellectual development, improve the clients sense of self-being or self-worth, satisfy the physical, emotional, and social needs of the patients and to be responsive of their needs (Haworth Forshaw, 2002). DEALING WITH INAPPROPRIATE INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION To be able to reap the benefits of a good communication practice, health and social workers must be able to properly deal with any inappropriate communication practices. For instance, any barrier to communication should be resolved as such can result into misunderstanding in the professional practice. An example of a factor which can be a hindrance to good communication practice would be culture and language itself. Professionals in the field of health and social care should see to it that both parties understand each other, especially when decision making is involved. The use of jargons should be limited as it can lead into inappropriate communication leading into misunderstanding. Another factor which can be considered as an inappropriate practice in communication in the context of health and social care is privacy. Patients are private individuals, their records should therefore be held with confidentiality and there should be no presence of breach of contract as well between prac titioners or professionals. Health and social workers have the inherent duty to not disclose any information without the knowledge of all the parties which are concerned. The lack of trust of the patient to the medical worker can also be a barrier to effective communication. Lastly, the lack of knowledge can also serve as another barrier to communication (King Wheeler, 2007). STRATEGIES TO SUPPORT USERS To be able to be potentially engaged in efficient and effective communication practices, as a carer VARIOUS FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE COMMUNICATION PROCESS IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE VALUES AND CULTURE Two of the factors which are assumed to be highly influential in the communication process, specifically in the field of health and social care, are values and culture. These may include factors which are related in demographics such as age, gender, race, educational and economic status, and also beliefs, among others. Culture, which can be defined as the identifiable integrated pattern of human behaviour that includes customs, beliefs, values, behaviours, and communications (Servellen, 1997), is said to be highly influential in this field basically because they arise from almost every group that are involved in the communication process. In tackling the issue of culture and its influence in the communication process, one of the factors which should be understood are the sub-groups, for instance, Asian. Among the Asian cultures, people from different countries have various approaches to communicating. For instance, in the Vietnamese culture, talking is customary. Professionals who ar e working with people who are accustomed to the Vietnamese culture must be able to take such cultural factor into account so that the communication process can be carried out more efficiently and more conveniently. Another factor which should be understood on this note is cultural identity. One of the inclusions in this identity is the fact that all people are influenced by cultural programming which makes it essential to have an understanding of that culture so that communication can be carried out better (Servellen, 1997). As mentioned earlier, one of the dimensions of culture and values which influence the communication process is gender. Men and women are naturally equipped with differences and such can be reflected in the way they engage themselves into the process of communication. Having different communication styles base on gender, interpretation may also vary in both sexes. Health and social workers should be aware of these differences so that they will be sensitive on how to deal with each patient or client. One of the key to understand these differences is to be an active listener so that the professional can be able to better understand the patient. The same is true with age and ethnicity. Communication with elderly should be done on a different approach wherein the health or social worker should demonstrate more respect. A different approach is also given when communicating with the younger ones. Furthermore, each nationality also has different approaches to communication. Some verbal and n on-verbal communication techniques might be appropriate for other cultures while it may prove to be rude for some. These should be understood clearly so that there will be no misinterpretation and confusion with regards to the transmission of the message (Basavanthappa, 2004). LEGISLATION, CHARTERS, AND CODES OF PRACTICE Despite the fact that communication in the field of health and social care is highly influenced by culture and values, it has also influenced the existence and stipulations which are provided by legislations, charters, and codes of practice. The institution is often left with no option but to follow such stipulations as it is a legal requirement in the context of their practice. One of the most important factors by which legislations and charters influence communication techniques can be demonstrated by the fact that such allows the provision of equality. The existing laws which govern the practice of health and social care are based on the principle of equality which does not allow discrimination of any party, be it a patient or a health or social worker. For instance, legislations such as those which provide fair employment, sex discrimination acts, race relations, and others are some of the laws which demonstrate and influence in professional practice. These laws serve as the foundation of the behaviour of the healthcare professional and form the basis of how they act and how they communicate. The serious consequences of going against such legislations will be undeniably a critical factor in the observance of a good communication practice (Cambridge Training Development, 2000). The Data Protection Act 1984 is a good example which demonstrates legislations in good communication practice in the field of health and social care. This can be able to provide protection to information which are assumed confidential and should be used solely for the purposes known by the persons involved. Service users could possibly demonstrate loss of trust from the service providers if confidential information are leaked making it important for laws to provide protection for such. Certain legislations are also made available to provide equality and anti-discrimination in the workplace. These factors are highly influential in shaping the communication practice and activities of people in health and social care (Moonie, 2005). Furthermore, the stipulations in the code of practice and ethics in a certain institution are also highly influential in communication practices especially in consideration of the fact that they can affect confidentiality and privacy of information. For instance, the use and access to the internet for health and social workers are often limited and defined by codes of conduct, depending upon the institution, to be assured of good communication practices and work ethics. The use of other technological aids can also be regulated by existing rules and regulations to be able to protect the rights of the institution, the workers, the patients, and the public in general (Martin, 2003). ORGANIZATIONAL SYSTEMS AND POLICIES For all concerned parties to be engaged in effective and efficient communication practices, one factor which can be considered as essential would be effective organizational systems and policies. These systems and policies will be able to shape the communication activities and will make it more appropriate and meaningful. Health and social care institutions need to develop systems and policies which can foster good communication. This can include factors which are related to documentation, information systems, establishment of procedures and practices. For instance, the development of a dynamic and advanced information system can demonstrate effectiveness and efficiencies in the various activities which are undertaken. In the absence of such systems, it will be highly impossible to transmit and share information which might prove to be significant in the profession. For instance, at Ashleigh Court Rest Home, policies are strictly implemented. Stated below are some of the policies tha t the home adheres with: Whistle Blowing Policy this document has been written to comply with the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998, which was introduced to protect employees who blow the whistle about any wrongdoing. The policy gives clear guidance to all members of staff regarding the correct procedure for bringing to attention any wrongdoing or suspected wrongdoing which they feel could affect the reputation of the home, other members of staff, visitors, residents or any other organization or persons connected with the home. The policy outlines commitment to openness and good communications. Bullying In The Workplace The home believes that all staff have the right to work in an environment that is free from bullying, harassment or intimidation, from either colleagues or management. The home seeks to enable staff to enjoy their work and fulfil their personal and professional potential, by creating and sustaining a stimulating and supportive work environment. It is recognised that staff who feel powerless, vulnerable or even persecuted will not be able to give of their best work or work successfully. Prevention of Accidents The home fully accepts the responsibility to ensure that all reasonable steps and precautions are taken to provide and maintain safe and healthy working conditions, which comply with all statutory requirements and codes of practice. The home fully supports and complies with the relevant National Minimum Standards and Regulations, which relate to the promotion and protection of the health, safety and welfare of service users and staff. It is recognised, however, that even in the safest of working environments, accidents will occur, from time to time. Where and when this does happen, the Registered Providers (employers) will abide by the requirements of The Health and Safety at work Act 1974. As such, employers must, by law, notify certain categories of accidents, specified cases of ill health and specified dangerous occurrences to the Health and Safety Executive or the Local Authority to comply with the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995 (RIDDOR). By undertaking these notifications, the home will not only be meeting the legal requirements but will be able to determine local patters and causes of accidents, so that preventive measures can be put in place to prevent recurrence. A written record such as Accident/Incident Report will be kept, of any accident, however minor, which occurs in the home. Policy on Racial Harassment Every Service User has the right to live and every staff member has the right to work in the home without the threat of racial harassment, discrimination or abuse. Any occurrences of this nature will not be tolerated and perpetrators will be subject to disciplinary procedures. The home fully upholds the principles and guidance of the Race Relations Act 1976 and the Protection from Harassment Act 1997. Racial harassment is any behaviour, deliberate or otherwise, pertaining to race, colour, ethnic or national origin, which is unwanted by the recipient and creates an intimidating, hostile or offensive environment. It may include racist jokes or insults, abusive comments about racial origins and skin colour and ridicule of an individual on cultural and/or religious grounds. IMPROVING COMMUNICATION PROCESS Health and social workers must be perpetually engaged in the improvement and development of the communication process to be better in their profession. One of the ways by which such can be improved is through the provision of security of information. In this way, privacy and confidentiality can be achieved and it can to help prevent any misunderstanding and confusion in the communication process. Furthermore, the communication process can also be improved through the provision of dynamic and sustainable rules which relate to documentation, presentation, and use of outputs and reports so that their purpose can be maximized by its users and providers. The provision of technological aids and communication tools can also help improve such process. Furthermore, the following are other ways by which communication can be improved in the health and social care setting: provide communication access to persons with difficulties; be aware of the various communication barriers and develop strate gies by which they can be minimized or reduced at an acceptable level; teach workers about ethics and values related to communication practices; and rigorous training and education to enhance workers knowledge about effective and efficient communication. There is a need to make service providers understand what are the processes and activities involved in the complex communication process and the need to teach them to be active listeners. By doing the earlier mentioned, the health and social care workers can have an improved communication process and it can foster greater understanding and build better relationships between providers and users (Malone, 2005). EXPLORING THE USE OF INFORMATION COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE STANDARD I.T. SOFTWARE The activities in the provision of health and social service would not be possible to carry in the absence of various I.T software and applications. Some of these include: word-processing, spreadsheets, presentations, internet, intranet, and email. These tools are assumed to have critical significance in the profession as it helps in the completion of day-to-day activities in the organization. Word processing is important because it allows the creation, editing, reading, and amendment of various documents which might prove to be vital with health and social care work. If these documents are handwritten, there is no form of standardization and it will be hard to understand as well as too slow to accomplish. Therefore, word processing is considered as one of the most significant I.T. software package as it allows ease in work and reduces the intensity of labour in the creation of documents. Spreadsheet, on the other hand, allows them to do mathematical calculations with ease as it has formulas which can make their works easier while presentations allow them to prepare and present visual presentations in order to communicate better. The internet and intranet is also a good tool as it allows connectivity between the network of users within the organization and through the globe using the internet. Lastly, emailing would allow them to exchange information within each other and share documents in the workplace (Cook, 2006). One of the most advanced application of information and communication technology in the field of health and social care is through telecare which is a business-to-consumer service provision without personal interaction as it just completed on channels such as telephones and computers. This includes services which are related to health and social care such as automated appointment reminders and client monitoring services at home. Traditionally, these things are done by trained professionals at the clients home until the inception of technology which defies distance and allows greater interaction between the users and providers (Niman et al., 2006). BENEFITS OF USING ICT The use of information and communication technology would have not proliferated in the field of health and social care if it did not bring numerous benefits and advantages to the organization, users, providers, and the general public. One of the benefits is the accuracy of records. Because of the use of the various applications of information and communication technology, it will be easier to have readily available information about the condition of the client and it will be easier for the staff to provide an answer to the concerns of the patients. The health professionals are also able to enjoy the benefits of information and communication technology because such allows them to have safe, modern, and speedy IT systems which can help them in their routine, it allows them to utilize time more efficiently, and it allows the possibility of remote monitoring (Gillies, 2006). Information and communication technology is also beneficial in the field of health and social care because it allows the possibility of meeting individual needs, it provides ease in the administration of treatment procedures, it makes the administrative practices more efficient, records and documentation can be more accurate, it fosters better communication, and it promotes independence. Information and communication technology also provides collaboration among users and providers which inevitably leads into more efficient service delivery (Leathard, 2003). ENHANCING ACTIVITIES OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE WORKERS Information and communication technology demonstrates the possibility of enhancing the activities by which health and social care workers are engaged. This is assumed to be done through the following ways: efficiency in business administration, meeting the needs of the employees, improving the quality of service, accountability, and meeting what is required from them. Because of information and communication technology, the field of health and social work is able to experience increased efficiency. The use of various tools associated to such form of technology has allowed them to be engaged into better practices in their profession. For instance, the internet and the intranet, along with the methods by which documentation has improved, are all seen as highly contributory to the improvement of business administration. Service has also seen a dramatic improvement because of the applications of the said technology. Because of such, it is easier to access records and information, althoug h such has also been limited by existing legislations to protect privacy and to promote confidentiality. LEGISLATIONS To be assured that the use of information and communication technology is maximized and not detrimental to the society, certain legislations, both internal and external to the company also exist to govern information and communication practices in the field of health and social care. The Data Protection Act provides restrictions and limitations on the use and access of personal information, especially those of the clients or the patients. Some of this information includes personal information, medical records, treatment history, and credit information. Record keeping is very important and should not be underestimated. Disclosing of information is tantamount to breach of confidentiality. Furthermore, another legislation which is assumed to be significant in the use of information and communication technology is the Access to Personal Files Act 1987 which stipulates general considerations with regards to access to personal information, specifically those data which relate to social services. In addition to these legislations, Access to Medical Reports Act 1988 has also been provided to give right to access into medical reports for the purpose of employment or for insurance. The client, under this legislation, is also endowed with the right to see the information before it is supplied and can also be subject for correction. Lastly, another important legislation is the Access to Health Records Act 1990 which is more concerned about records which could be accessed manually. It gives the client or any other representative the right of access to medical records, in whatever form, electronic or manual (Jones Jenkins, 2004). Moreover, to keep information within the limits o f the workplace, bringing of storage devices are also limited so as the providers cannot transfer any information about the service users which can be leaked and used for purposes which are not under the consent of the parties concerned (Moss, 2008). RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS Technology has brought a number of benefits realized in the health and social care sector such as meeting the individual needs, ease of administration of procedures, making efficient administrative practices, accurate documentation, and fostering a more dynamic communication practice. Information and communication technology also enhances activities of health and social worker such as by improving efficiency of service, accountability, and quality of outputs. To be able to engage in a more meaningful communication practice, there is a need to be aware and to understand the existing differences in culture and values because they will be able to foster better relationships. There is a need for continuous improvement process in communication by being able to identify ways by which such could be improved. The health and social care sector needs to identify, without a halt, ways by which communication can be improved, so that the profession, in general, can also be improved.

Dostoevsky’s Notes from Underground Essay

Fyodor Dostoevsky is one of the most influential authors in world literature. This Russian author had written several remarkable novels including Crime and Punishment, The Idiot and Brothers Karamazov. However, before the aforementioned novels were published, Dostoevsky had already gained critical acclaim and recognition for his work entitled Notes from Underground. This novel explores how the freedom of man is undermined by the atmosphere of rationality that dominated the 17th and 18th centuries. Through the novel’s protagonist, the Underground Man, Dostoevsky illustrates how real freedom is manifested in the defiance of reason. The period called the Enlightenment occurred throughout the 17th and 18th centuries (Marder, Meyer, & Wyshak, n. d. ). During this time, reason governed over every endeavor, and was valued above everything else. The period left no room for superstition or foolishness; rationality reigned supreme (Marder, Meyer, & Wyshak, n. d. ). Reason was the means in which man and society can develop for the better. European thought was dominated by materialism, liberalism and more importantly, utopianism (Marder, Meyer, & Wyshak, n. d. ). All of these movements were established on the belief that reasonable and natural-law theories could establish a perfect society (Emerson, 1992). Perfection was only attainable through the application of reason and the manifestation of â€Å"enlightened self-interest† (Marder, Meyer, & Wyshak, n. d. ). The prevalence of reason strongly influenced and inspired Dostoevsky to write Notes from Underground (Marder, Meyer, & Wyshak, n. d. ). However, the novel did not convey a message agreeable to the intellectual milieu; instead, it served to criticize its very existence. Notes from Underground is actually a response to another text, entitled What Is to be Done? (Marder, Meyer, & Wyshak, n. d. ; Madden, n. d. ). It was written by N. G. Chernyshevsky and was published in 1863. Chernyshevsky was an advocate of â€Å"rational egoism,† a movement which fervently believed that perfection of life could be achieved through rationality and enlightenment (Madden, n. d. ). The â€Å"rational egoists† also upheld principles of natural law (Madden, n. d. ). Dostoevsky disagreed with the belief that rationality and enlightenment were the keys to perfection. He strongly believed that the nature of man was beyond those two elements. He acknowledged man’s capacity for both the rational and the foolish; he even upheld that the irrationality of man was more definite, while the rationality was merely added (Marder, Meyer, & Wyshak, n. d. ). Moreover, Dostoevsky was convinced that laws of nature or the principles of reason were not capable of recognizing human individuality, personality, and more importantly, free will (Madden, n. d. ). These beliefs are embedded in the novel, a text which Rozanov considers a critique of reason as a means to perfection (as cited in Marder, Meyer, & Wyshak, n. d. ). The novel, in the words of Wasiolek, showed how man can be both rational and irrational, as his actions are the result of the exercise of his own freedom (as cited in Marder, Meyer, & Wyshak, n. d. ). Hence, the theme of freedom in the novel is the utmost disregard for reason and natural laws. The protagonist of the novel is the Underground Man, a forty year old man who used to work in civil service (Dostoevsky, 1992). For a protagonist, he is considered an â€Å"anti-hero† (Madden, n. d. ). He is also the antithesis of the time in which he lived; he disagreed with utilitarianism, which prevailed during the 19th century. Utilitarianism was characterized by utilizing â€Å"mathematical formulas and logical proofs† to equate one’s wants with his best interests (Madden, n. d. ). The Underground Man disagrees with this; he attests that man wants to exercise his freedom and could do so regardless if it agrees with his best interests or not. If it is man’s desire to act irrational, he could. Of course, acting irrational is not in anyone’s best interest. However, by being irrational, he was truly able to exercise his freedom. Actions based on desires, instead of reason, enable man to be free. Freedom is thus associated with acting without reason. So in an era where reason dominated, the Underground Man was rather unreasonable. By being unreasonable, he was able to be truly free. In the novel, the Underground Man asserts that science deprives one of freedom. Dostoevsky (1992) writes, â€Å"Science has managed by now to anatomize man to such a degree that we already know that all your wishing, your so-called free will is nothing†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (p. 29). The Underground Man then begins his attack on utilitarianism: If someday they should really discover the formula for all our whims and wishes—I mean, what causes them, what laws they’re governed by, how they develop and where they lead in one case or another†¦in other words, an actual mathematical formula—why, then man will perhaps immediately stop wishing†¦Who wants to wish according to graphs (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 29)? â€Å"Whims and wishes† in this quotation refers to the desires of man. The principles of utilitarianism are marked by analysis of people’s desires. These desires undergo scrutiny, as to determine if these desires agree with what is best for the people. However, the act of wishing does not involve analysis or scrutiny. One can desire something for no apparent reason. One may wish for something that may prove harmful in the long run. The exercise of freedom is spontaneous and non-regulated. If one has to base his or her desires from the graphs or formulas of science and math, they would no longer fall under the exercise of freedom. If one is to desire based on the graphs or formulas, it would not be an act of freedom any more. This is because there is imposition involved; the desires are imposed upon by the requirements of science or math. In this situation, the desires of man are dictated by the principles of reason. Thus, freedom disappears upon the use of reason. In the words of the Underground Man, â€Å"For if desires are one day brought into complete accord with reason, then we shall reason instead of wishing† (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 30). The Underground Man continues his argument against utilitarianism by differentiating reason and desires. He states: You see, gentlemen, reason is unquestionably a fine thing, but reason is no more than reason, and it gives fulfillment only to a man’s reasoning capacity, while desires are a manifestation of the whole of life—I mean the whole of human life, both with its reason and with all its itches and scratches (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 31). In this quotation, the Underground Man affirms that while reason is important, it is not the most important thing. The desires of man, through which freedom can be exercised, have a much wider scope than reason. Therefore, the desires of man cannot be reduced to graphs and tables because it transcends them. The Underground Man uses the piano key as a symbol of how reason curbs man’s freedom: He will insist on clinging precisely to his own fantastic dreams, his most vulgar folly, solely in order to confirm himself†¦ that men are still men, and not piano keys, which may be played by the hands of natural laws themselves, but which are threatened by this very playing to be brought to a state where it will no longer be possible to wish a thing outside of graphs and schedules (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 34). Piano keys are pressed to make a sound in the process of playing the piano. These keys cannot produce sound on their own; they need to be touched and pressed. The analogy between the man and the piano key is what Dostoevsky used to illustrate his point. By measuring man’s desires with the graphs and formulas to determine whether or not it is in their best interests, man becomes a piano key. This is because man comes under the mercy of reason which plays him. To be manipulated by reason is to be bound by its laws; therefore, it is not freedom. The Underground Man believes that humankind values freedom over reason and best interests (Madden, n. d. ). Freedom means acting out of one’s desires or wishes whether or not the act spoken of is irrational or foolish. In the book, the Underground Man manifests his freedom through several examples. He had committed acts contrary to reason, making him a truly free individual. Hence, the Underground Man was successful in escaping the realm of reason he despises. The book starts with the Underground Man’s admission of a pain. He says, â€Å"I think that my liver hurts† (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 1). Anyone who experiences pain will surely resort to measures to eliminate that pain. This is because pain is suffering, and nobody wants to suffer. In the instance that pain is felt, it is only reasonable that one seeks medical assistance by visiting a doctor. On the contrary, the Underground Man says, â€Å"No, sir, I refuse to see a doctor out of spite† (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 1). This decision is obviously irrational, because he does not want to see a doctor to deal with the pain. In addition, he does not have a valid reason not to go to the doctor. One would presume that he simply takes pleasure in his own pain. A rational man would find this decision as preposterous, as no one ever enjoyed suffering from pain (Madden, n. d. ). However, what appears to be a manifestation of masochistic tendencies is actually the Underground Man’s exercise of freedom. Reason dictates that when one feels pain, that person should visit the doctor. As was earlier discussed, the Underground Man believes that reason limits freedom, because it only acknowledges the desires that would be in one’s best interests. The tolerance of pain and the derivation of pleasure from it is the Underground Man’s way of breaking free from reason. Surely, it is a foolish thing to do, but he does not want to conform to the dictates of reason. He values his freedom, so he refuses to act according to reason. He is a free man; he could do as he pleased. Even if it is contrary to his best interests in prolonging such agony, he still does it because he wished to do so. By tolerating pain and deriving pleasure from it, he successful avoids the system of reason. According to the Underground Man, â€Å"I know better than anyone else that I will only harm myself by this, and no one else. And yet, if I don’t seek a cure, it is out of spite. My liver hurts? Good, let it hurt still more† (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 2)! The Underground Man proceeds with his painful endeavor, this time with a toothache. The fourth chapter of the book opens with his laughter: â€Å"Ha-ha-ha! You will find pleasure in a toothache next! And why not? There is pleasure in a toothache ache too† (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 14). Just like with the liver ache, the Underground Man allows himself to feel the pain of his tooth instead of seeing a dentist. He welcomes the pain, and refuses to seek treatment. A critic of the novel, Mikhaylovsky declares that the Underground Man â€Å"tortures because he wants to, he likes torture. There is neither reason nor purpose here, and, in the opinion of Dostoevksy, they are not at all necessary, for absolute cruelty is interesting† (as cited in Marder, Meyer, & Wyshak, n. d. ). Indeed, this is true. The Underground Man does not subject himself to pain for a reason. In fact, he does so to do away with reason. He refrains from seeking medical treatment because he wants to. By indulging in his desire, he exercises complete freedom. Aside from the aforementioned tolerance of pains, the Underground Man had exercised his freedom through irrationality in other ways. He states: I would feel a certain hidden, morbid, nasty little pleasure in the acute awareness that I had once again committed something vile that day, that what had been done could no longer be undone; and I would gnaw and gnaw at myself in silence†¦until the bitterness would finally begin to turn into a kind of shameful, damnable sweetness (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 7). In this excerpt, the Underground Man expresses how he had realized his evil ways by contemplating what he had done. However, instead of wallowing in guilt, the realization ends up being a source of pleasure. How did the Underground Man manifest his freedom through this? The purveyors of rationality would insist that those who know what is in their best interests would not resort to baseness or frivolity. The Underground Man was aware of vileness of his actions; in a way, he was aware it was not in his best interests. However, he did not feel a sense of guilt. The realization of his action that started with bitterness eventually became that of sweetness. He knew what he had done was bad, but this does not change the fact that he derived pleasure from it. His reaction to such vile deeds set him apart from what reason dictates as proper. Because he did not follow the dictates of reason, he had exercised his own freedom through defiance. Reason makes one feel burdened when one commits a nasty or vile action. It supposes that rational ways should be observed, and a nasty or vile action is never rational. He sights an example when one is forced to apologize for a nasty deed. The Underground Man says: Generally, I could never endure saying, â€Å"Forgive me, Papa, I won’t do it again†Ã¢â‚¬â€and not because I was incapable of saying it, but, on the contrary, perhaps precisely because I was all too capable of it. And how I did it (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 16)! In this passage, the Underground Man expressed disagreement with repentance. He believes that one should not apologize for doing something. He finds apologies as deceiving; the claim to never do an act considered vile again seems insincere. In our freedom, we are all capable of doing these acts. Regardless if they are rational or irrational, we all have the capacity to act according to our own free will. The claim â€Å"I won’t do it again† is quite fraudulent, as it is quite understood that anyone can do anything, according to their free will. Thus, it is possible for one to exercise freedom and desire something which is not in one’s best interest. According to the Underground Man: And what if his advantage on a given occasion not only may, but must, lie exactly in choosing for himself the harmful rather than the advantageous? And if this is so, if there can be such an occasion, then the entire rule is shattered to smithereens (Dostoevsky, 1992, p. 22). The rule spoken of here is the belief that man would choose what is in his best interests. Again, the exercise of freedom lies in choosing or desiring something regardless of their nature. In the above quotation, the Underground Man affirms that there will be instances wherein man will choose what is harmful, instead of what is useful, to him. The moment such situation arises, the principle of reason will be disproved. The Underground Man does not believe in the principle that man will act according to what is in his best interests. Neither does he believe that man’s desires can be reduced to graphs of science nor formulas of mathematics. The concept of freedom for the Underground Man is that which is contrary to the dictates of reason. He does not acknowledge that man will commit acts that are in tune with his best interests. This would be a violation of his freedom, as the freedom presupposes one’s capacity for both the rational and the irrational. If one chooses to commit an irrational act, he is merely exercising his freedom. Did the Underground Man succeed in escaping the realm of reason he so despised? The answer is yes. His tolerance of pain and derivation of pleasure from suffering were direct defiance to reason. He had rendered himself completely liberated from the atmosphere of rationality. He did and thought as he pleased, whether or not it was in his best interests. Indeed, he had escaped, and is completely free. REFERENCES Dostoevsky, F. (1992). Notes from Underground (M. Ginsburg, Trans. ). New York: Bantam. (Original work published in 1864). Madden, C. (n. d. ). SparkNote on Notes from Underground. Retrieved March 29, 2008, from http://www. sparknotes. com/lit/underground/ Marder, J. , Meyer, M. , & Wyshak, F. (n. d. ). Dostoevsky’s Notes from Underground Study Guide. Retrieved March 29, 2008, from http://community. middlebury. edu/~beyer/courses/previous/ru351/novels/UGMan/ugman. html