Living Systems Biologically Depend On The Six Major...

Living systems biologically depend on the six major nutrient elements (C, H, N, O, S, and P) and complementing trace elements that can interchange for one another if they share chemical similarities. But, there are no prior reports of substitutions for the major nutrient elements. Wolfe-Simon et al. presents evidence that As can substitute for P in the biomolecules of bacterium. Although Since As is a chemical analog of P, downstream metabolic processes are usually not compatible with As-incorporating molecules due to differences in the reactivities of As and P compounds. But, Wolfe-Simon et al. hypothesized that AsO43- could substitute for PO43- in an organism with the ability to cope with the instability of AsO43- compounds. Wolfe-Simon et al. experimented with AsO43- combined with no added PO43-, to select for and isolate GFAJ-1 of Mono Lake. Their data (from ICP-MS, synchrotron x-rays, NanoSIMS, etc) showed As-dependent growth by GFAJ-1 that was accompanied by AsO43- uptake and a ssimilation into biomolecules (nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites). By using As as a selective agent and excluding P, it was shown that GFAJ-1 is not an obligate arsenophile and grew much better when provided with P. Also, GFAJ-1 coped with the instability of AsO43- esters due to poly-ÃŽ ²-hydroxybutyrate rich vacuole-like regions and possibly from intracellular regions or mechanisms that exclude water. In response to Wolfe-Simon et al., Reaves et al. cultured the same GFAJ-1 cells andShow MoreRelatedTrophic Categories Etc..2573 Words   |  11 PagesConsumers 3. Detritus feeders and decomposers Producers = organisms that capture energy from the sun or from chemical reactions to convert carbon dioxide to organic matter Organic Matter vs. Inorganic Matter -Matter that makes up the bodies of living things generally characterized by the presence of carbon and hydrogen bonds. Most producers are green plants. 1. Autotroph i. Chemosynthetic bacteria ii. Green plants iii. Algae 2. Heterotroph i. Animals ii. Fungi iii. Protists (some) Read MoreChapters 1-5 Notes Ap Biology3353 Words   |  14 Pagestaken. Reductionism- Reducing complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study. Cells- The lowest level of structure capable of performing all the activities of life, all organisms are composed of cells which are the basic units of structure and function. The cell theory- The ability of cells to divide to form new cells is the basis for all reproduction and for the growth and repair of multicellular organisms, including humans. Two Major Kinds of Cells Eukaryotic cells- MembraneRead MoreThe Marijuana Growers Guide9909 Words   |  40 Pages [8.7] Nutrients and Fertilising [9] Nutrients [9.2] Application: Fertilising [9.3] Nutrient Deficiencies [9.4] Soilless Mixtures [9.5] Diseases and Plant Pests [10] Microbial Diseases [10.2] Nutrient Diseases Read MoreContamination of the Turag River19368 Words   |  78 PagesBangladesh is known as the land of the rivers. Dhaka city, the capital of Bangladesh is surrounded by the rivers-Turag, Buriganga, Dhaleshwari, Balu and Shitalakhya. A number of canals are connected to these rivers, which form a river canal network system. There are both residential and industrial units besides these rivers which are prime source of pollution of these rivers. The untreated waste water discharges by the industries cause serious pollution. Besides, non point sources along with the stretchRead MoreHolistic Approach14986 Words   |  60 Pagesreally heal the conditions and diseases they are treating . Holistic Therapies The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM) defines complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) as a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products not presently considered to be a part of conventional medicine. According to NCCAM, there does exist traditional scientific evidence as to the effectiveness of CAM therapies, but many questions still loom as to the validityRead MoreSience23554 Words   |  95 Pagestemperature on Earth as certain gases in the atmosphere trap energy. [pic]Image source:  Greenhouse Effect, Wikipedia(Link includes detailed explanation of the above image). Note, image above expresses energy exchanges in watts per square meter (W/m2) Six main greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) (which is 20 times as potent a greenhouse gas as carbon dioxide) and nitrous oxide (N2O), plus three fluorinated industrial gases: hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulphurRead MoreHemp Cultivation in China42289 Words   |  170 PagesClarke, and is a mixed media resource, including slides and actual examples of hemp products. ---The IHA was also pleased to contribute technical advice to the Colorado Industrial Hemp Act strategists on their efforts for 1996. ---In 1995, we supplied six varieties of seed, in small amounts, to IHA members for pilot research projects in Australia, Finland, and South Africa. We are expanding this archive for the 1996 season and hope to supply research quantities of seed for the majority of commerciallyRead Morepreschool Essay46149 Words   |  185 Pageslearning foundations. The â€Å"how-tos† of teaching young children include setting up environments, supporting children’s self-initiated play, selecting appropriate materials, and planning and implementing teacher-guided learning activities. Two major considerations underlie the â€Å"how-tos† of teaching. First, teachers can effectively foster early learning by thoughtfully considering the preschool learning foundations as they plan environments and activities. And second, during every step in theRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 PagesRiver, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department